Associations between co‐occurring conditions and age of autism diagnosis: Implications for mental health training and adult autism research
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Adult autism studies are increasingly comprised of later‐diagnosed adults, yet little is known about how these adults compare to those diagnosed earlier in life. The present study examines medical and psychiatric conditions endorsed by autistic adults and documents differences between those diagnosed with ASD in childhood versus adulthood, as well as across age groups and sex at birth. 4657 legally independent adults (ages 18–85, M = 33.4 years) with professional ASD diagnoses who completed a medical questionnaire were drawn from the Simons Powering Autism Research Knowledge (SPARK) study. Chi square analyses, t‐tests, and logistic regressions were used to compare medical and psychiatric conditions between age groups, sex at birth and adults diagnosed in childhood (before age 21) versus adulthood (at or after 21 years). Overall number of conditions endorsed as being diagnosed by a professional was high, with an average of 1.69 (SD = 2.01) medical or developmental and 2.98 (SD = 2.29) psychiatric conditions reported across the sample. Females were more likely to endorse psychiatric conditions (OR = 1.68). Adult‐diagnosed adults were more likely to endorse psychiatric conditions (OR = 2.71) and reported more lifetime psychiatric diagnoses (M = 3.15, SD = 2.23) than their childhood‐diagnosed counterparts (M = 2.81, SD = 2.33). These findings underscore the need for research to better understand and treat co‐occurring psychiatric conditions in autistic adults and report and consider the age of diagnosis in adult autism samples. Moreover, results suggest it is imperative that mental health professionals receive autism training to promote accurate differential diagnosis and equitable access to mental health care for autistic adults with co‐occurring psychiatric conditions.
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Recent large-scale caregiver- and self-report surveys found lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders ranging from 72% among dependent autistic adults to 87% among independent autistic adults.
“Recent large-scale caregiver-and self-report survey studies have found lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders ranging from 72% among dependent autistic adults (Fombonne et al., 2020) to 87% among independent autistic adults (Jadav & Bal, 2022)”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Jadav & Bal, 2022
Lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders among autistic adults ranges from 41% to 66% and affective disorders from 28% to 58%.
“with lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders ranging from 41% to 66% and affective disorders ranging from to 28% to 58% (Fombonne et al., 2020;Jadav & Bal, 2022).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Jadav & Bal, 2022
Mental health problems were highly prevalent in the current sample.
“Consistent with prior research (Croen et al., 2015;Fombonne et al., 2020;Jadav & Bal, 2022;Lai et al., 2019;Lugo-Marín et al., 2019;Rydzewska et al., 2018), mental health problems were highly prevalent in the current sample.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Jadav & Bal, 2022
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- Authors
- Jadav, N., & Bal, V. H.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bal, Vanessa H.
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-08-27
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2112-2125
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- PMC
- PMC9637770
- OpenAlex
- W4293325530
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 8.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH115166‐01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autistic adults, age at diagnosis, health conditions, sex differences, mental health training, differential diagnosis, access to mental health care
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Autistic Disorder, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult
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