Multidimensional Influences on Autism Symptom Measures: Implications for Use in Etiological Research
Open accessAbstract
Objective Growing awareness that symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) transcend multiple diagnostic categories, and major advances in the identification of genetic syndromes associated with ASD, have led to widespread use of ASD symptom measures in etiologic studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. Insufficient consideration of potentially confounding factors such as cognitive ability or behavior problems can have important negative consequences in interpretation of findings, including erroneous estimation of associations between ASD and etiologic factors.Method Participants were 388 children 2 to 13 years old with diagnoses of ASD or another neurodevelopmental disorder without ASD. Receiver operating characteristics methods were used to assess the influence of IQ and emotional and behavioral problems on the discriminative ability of 3 widely used ASD symptom measures: the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).Results IQ influenced the discriminative thresholds of the SRS and ADI-R, and emotional and behavioral problems affected the discriminative thresholds of the SRS, ADI-R, and ADOS. This resulted in low specificity of ASD cutoffs on the SRS and ADI-R for children with intellectual disability without ASD (27-42%) and low specificity across all 3 instruments for children without ASD with increased emotional and behavioral problems (36-59%). Adjustment for these characteristics resulted in improved discriminative ability for all of the ASD measures.Conclusion The findings indicate that scores on ASD symptom measures reflect far more than ASD symptoms. Valid interpretation of scores on these measures requires steps to account for the influences of IQ and emotional and behavioral problems.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many current interventions build on Applied Behaviour Therapy and have shifted to more natural, child-initiated developmentally appropriate strategies instead of repeated discrete trials.
“Many current interventions build on the original ' Applied Behaviour Therapy ' 174 (ABA) and have shifted to more natural, child-initiated developmentally appropriate strategies and tasks instead of dependence on repeated ' discrete trials ' (known as discrete trial training, or DTT).”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [174]
The Introduction and Methods discuss autism symptom measures and diagnostic assessments, not the development of autism interventions. Searches for ABA, child-initiated strategies, and discrete trial training found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed shift. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSex and gender and co-occurring ID and developmental, behavioral and medical conditions alter the presentation and measurement of core autism features.
“Furthermore, sex and gender7,8 and co-occurring ID and developmental, behavioral and medical conditions9,10 alter the presentation and measurement of core autism features.”
From Genetic correlates of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520 · see citing works
Self-citationMullen Scales of Early Learning
Bradley‐Johnson, S. (1997) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199710)34:4 · Cited by 2,329 · see citing works
Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000) · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
Standardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3 · Cited by 1,605 · see citing works
Self-citationConstantino, J. N. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_296 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Volkmar, F. R., Siegel, M. S., Woodbury‐Smith, M., King, B. H., McCracken, J. T., & State, M. W. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.10.013 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Coman, D. C. (2018) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n132 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Combining Information From Multiple Sources in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
RISI, S., LORD, C., GOTHAM, K., CORSELLO, C., CHRYSLER, C., SZATMARI, P., COOK, E. H., LEVENTHAL, B. L., & PICKLES, A. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-citationZwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Lord, C., Rogers, S., Carter, A., Carver, L., Chawarska, K., Constantino, J., Dawson, G., Dobkins, K., et al. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1606 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic procedures in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic literature review
Falkmer, T., Anderson, K., Falkmer, M., & Horlin, C. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0375-0 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Frazier, T. W., Georgiades, S., Bishop, S. L., & Hardan, A. Y. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.004 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationRichards, C., Jones, C., Groves, L., Moss, J. F., & Oliver, C. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00376-4 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Cook, N. E. (2017) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781483365817.n1475 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Factors influencing scores on the social responsiveness scale
Bal, V. H., Bishop, S. L., Gotham, K. O., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02589.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationBishop, S. L., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., & Lord, C. (2011) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-116.5.331 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy of three screening instruments in the identification of autistic-spectrum disorders
Charman, T., Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Loucas, T., Chandler, S., Meldrum, D., & Pickles, A. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040196 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationAgreement of informants on emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to adulthood.
van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025500 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Janes, H., & Pepe, M. S. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn099 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184265 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories as autism phenotypes
Lord, C., Bishop, S. L., & Anderson, D. K. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31440 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationGrzadzinski, R., Dick, C., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0072-1 · Cited by 192 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The raw totals were used when examinin g co tinuous ADOS scores given the restricted range (1-10) of the CSS.”
Self-citationCharman, T., & Gotham, K. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00664.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Garg, S., Lehtonen, A., Huson, S., Emsley, R., Trump, D., Evans, D. G., & Green, J. (2012) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12043 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Accommodating Covariates in Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis
Janes, H., Longton, G., & PEPE, M. S. (2009) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0900900102 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Kim, S. H., Macari, S., Koller, J., & Chawarska, K. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12448 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Volkmar, F. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_100454 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The fragile X syndrome–autism comorbidity: what do we really know?
Abbeduto, L., McDuffie, A. S., & Thurman, A. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00355 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
A Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Social Responsiveness in Multiplex Autism Families
Duvall, J. A., Lu, A. T.-H., Cantor, R. M., Todd, R. D., Constantino, J. N., & Geschwind, D. H. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.656 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Polyak, A., Kubina, R. M., & Girirajan, S. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32338 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Use of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in a clinical setting
Molloy, C. A., Murray, D. S., Akers, R., Mitchell, T., & Manning‐Courtney, P. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310379241 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Impact of ADHD symptoms on autism spectrum disorder symptom severity
Sprenger, L., Bühler, E., Poustka, L., Bach, C., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M., Kamp-Becker, I., & Bachmann, C. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.028 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
McDuffie, A. S., Thurman, A. J., Hagerman, R. J., & Abbeduto, L. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-2013-6 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Utility of the Child Behavior Checklist as a Screener for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Havdahl, A., von Tetzchner, S., Huerta, M., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1515 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment, behavior, and biomarker characterization of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: an update
Thurm, A., Tierney, E., Farmer, C., Albert, P., Joseph, L., Swedo, S., Bianconi, S., Bukelis, I., Wheeler, C., Sarphare, G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9145-x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Moss, J. F., Howlin, P., Magiati, I., & Oliver, C. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02540.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zander, E., Sturm, H., & Bölte, S. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313516199 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sub-dimensions of social-communication impairment in autism spectrum disorder
Bishop, S., Havdahl, K. A., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12510 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide linkage using the Social Responsiveness Scale in Utah autism pedigrees
Coon, H. H., Villalobos, M., Robison, R. J., Camp, N. J., Cannon, D. S., Allen‐Brady, K., Miller, J. S., & McMahon, W. M. (2010) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Replication of Standardized ADOS Domain Scores in the Simons Simplex Collection
Bal, V. H., & Lord, C. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1474 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationDemographic and clinical correlates of autism symptom domains and autism spectrum diagnosis
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Embacher, R., Hardan, A. Y., Constantino, J. N., Law, P., Findling, R. L., & Eng, C. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313481506 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The behavioral characteristics of Sotos syndrome
Sheth, K., Moss, J. F., Hyland, S. L., Stinton, C., Cole, T. R. P., & Oliver, C. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37373 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bishop, S. L., Huerta, M., Gotham, K. O., Havdahl, A., Pickles, A. R., Duncan, A. W., Bal, V. H., Croen, L., & Lord, C. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1645 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationConstantino, J. N., Zhang, Y., Holzhauer, K. E., Sant, S. M., Long, K., Vallorani, A., Malik, L., & Gutmann, D. H. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.075 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Harrison, A. J., Gamsiz, E. D., Berkowitz, I. C., Nagpal, S., & Jerskey, B. A. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32377 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Warren, Z. E., Vehorn, A. C., Dohrmann, E. H., Nicholson, A. G., Sutcliffe, J. S., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.230 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [29]Lord C Rutter M DiLavore PC Risi S Gotham K Bishop SL Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Modules 1–4 2012 Los Angeles, California Western Psychological Services
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4 · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism Spectrum Disorder: A Review
Hirota, T., & King, B. H. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism
Lord, C., Charman, T., Havdahl, A., Carbone, P., Anagnostou, E., Boyd, B., Carr, T., de Vries, P. J., Dissanayake, C., Divan, G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism spectrum heterogeneity: fact or artifact?
Mottron, L., & Bzdok, D. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0748-y · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Solmi, M., Song, M., Yon, D. K., Lee, S. W., Fombonne, E., Kim, M. S., Park, S., Lee, M. H., Hwang, J., Keller, R., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01630-7 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Genetic contributions to autism spectrum disorder
Havdahl, A., Niarchou, M., Starnawska, A., Uddin, M., van der Merwe, C., & Warrier, V. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000192 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Genetic correlates of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism
Warrier, V., Zhang, X., Reed, P., Havdahl, A., Moore, T. M., Cliquet, F., Leblond, C. S., Rolland, T., Rosengren, A., LEAP, E.-A., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01072-5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Epidemiological surveys of ASD: advances and remaining challenges
Fombonne, E., MacFarlane, H., & Salem, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05005-9 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
A radical change in our autism research strategy is needed: Back to prototypes
Mottron, L. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2494 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Fombonne, E. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13296 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Autistic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria
van der Miesen, A. I. R., de Vries, A. L. C., Steensma, T. D., & Hartman, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3417-5 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Kaat, A. J., Shui, A. M., Ghods, S. S., Farmer, C. A., Esler, A. N., Thurm, A., Georgiades, S., Kanne, S. M., Lord, C., Kim, Y. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13242 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment and validation of an item response theory‐based Social Responsiveness Scale short form
Sturm, A., Kuhfeld, M. R., Kasari, C. L., & McCracken, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12731 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bishop, S. L., Farmer, C., Bal, V., Robinson, E. B., Willsey, A. J., Werling, D. M., Havdahl, K. A., Sanders, S. J., & Thurm, A. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16101115 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationJadav, N., & Bal, V. H. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2808 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Soorya, L. V., Leon, J., Trelles, M. P., & Thurm, A. E. (2017) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1413211 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Torske, T., Nærland, T., Øie, M. G., Stenberg, N., & Andreassen, O. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00258 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Bishop, S. L., & Lord, C. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13802 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationPathways to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in Germany: a survey of parents
Höfer, J., Hoffmann, F., Kamp‐Becker, I., Poustka, L., Roessner, V., Stroth, S., Wolff, N., & Bachmann, C. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0276-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The influence of parental concern on the utility of autism diagnostic instruments
Havdahl, K. A., Bishop, S. L., Surén, P., Øyen, A., Lord, C., Pickles, A., von Tetzchner, S., Schjølberg, S., Gunnes, N., Hornig, M., et al. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1817 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationVisser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N. J., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Servatius-Oosterling, I. J., Greven, C. U., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.022 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Reversed gender ratio of autism spectrum disorder in Smith-Magenis syndrome
Nag, H. E., Nordgren, A., Anderlid, B., & Nærland, T. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0184-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dovgan, K. N., Mazurek, M. O., & Hansen, J. A. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.11.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Making Research Possible: Barriers and Solutions For Those With ASD and ID
Thurm, A., Halladay, A., Mandell, D., Maye, M., Ethridge, S., & Farmer, C. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05320-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
McCormick, C. E. B., Kavanaugh, B. C., Sipsock, D., Righi, G., Oberman, L. M., Moreno‐De‐Luca, D., Uzun, E. D. G., Best, C. R., Jerskey, B. A., Quinn, J. G., et al. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2261 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Rethinking autism spectrum disorder assessment for children during COVID ‐19 and beyond
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bishop, S. L., Stone, W. L., Ibañez, L. V., Halladay, A. K., Goldman, S., Kelly, A. M., Klaiman, C., Lai, M., Miller, M. R., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2615 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral characterization of dup15q syndrome: Toward meaningful endpoints for clinical trials
DiStefano, C., Wilson, R. B., Hyde, C., Cook, E. H., Thibert, R. L., Reiter, L. T., Vogel‐Farley, V. K., Hipp, J. F., & Jeste, S. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61385 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Editorial: Is autism overdiagnosed?
Fombonne, E. J. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13806 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Emergence and rate of autism in fragile X syndrome across the first years of life
Roberts, J. E., Bradshaw, J. L., Will, E., Hogan, A. L., McQuillin, S. D., & Hills, K. J. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000942 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Trelles, M. P., Levy, T., Lerman, B., Siper, P. M., Lozano, R., Halpern, D. B., Walker, H., Zweifach, J., Frank, Y., Foss‐Feig, J. H., et al. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00469-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Prototypical autism: New diagnostic criteria and asymmetrical bifurcation model
Mottron, L., & Gagnon, D. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103938 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Barbaresi, W. J., Cacia, J., Friedman, S., Fussell, J. J., Hansen, R. L., Hofer, J., Roizen, N., Stein, R. E. K., Vanderbilt, D. L., & Sideridis, G. D. (2022) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3605 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Autism as emergent and transactional
Green, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.988755 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kidd, S. A., Berry‐Kravis, E., Choo, T. H., Chen, C., Esler, A., Hoffmann, A., Andrews, H., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04148-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Joseph, L. A., Farmer, C., Chlebowski, C., Henry, L., Fish, A. M., Mankiw, C., Xenophontos, A., CLASEN, L. S., Sauls, B., Seidlitz, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9248-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Reindal, L., Nærland, T., Weidle, B., Lydersen, S., Andreassen, O. A., & Sund, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04112-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ameis, S. H., Haltigan, J. D., Lyon, R. E., Sawyer, A., Mirenda, P., Kerns, C. M., Smith, I. M., Vaillancourt, T., Volden, J., Waddell, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13493 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Delineating the autistic phenotype in children with neurofibromatosis type 1
Chisholm, A. K., Haebich, K. M., Pride, N. A., Walsh, K. S., Lami, F., Ure, A., Maloof, T., Brignell, A., Rouel, M., Granader, Y., et al. (2022) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00481-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Genesis, modelling and methodological remedies to autism heterogeneity
Rabot, J., Rødgaard, E.-M., Joober, R., Dumas, G., Bzdok, D., Bernhardt, B., Jacquemont, S., & Mottron, L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105201 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Duvall, S. W., Armstrong, K., Shahabuddin, A., Grantz, C. J., FEIN, D. A., & Lord, C. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1921276 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationKorzeniewski, S. J., Joseph, R. M., Kim, S. H., Allred, E. N., O’Shea, T. M., Leviton, A., Kuban, K., & for the ELGAN Study Investigators (2017) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000485 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Need for a Developmentally Based Measure of Social Communication Skills
Bishop, S. L., Farmer, C., Kaat, A. J., Georgiades, S., Kanne, S. M., & Thurm, A. E. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.12.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationFok, M., & Bal, V. H. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2126 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Characterizing the ASD–ADHD phenotype: measurement structure and invariance in a clinical sample
Krakowski, A. D., Cost, K. T., Szatmari, P., Anagnostou, E., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R., Duku, E., Georgiades, S., Ayub, M., Kelley, E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13609 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Extracting Latent Subdimensions of Social Communication: A Cross-Measure Factor Analysis
Zheng, S., Kaat, A., Farmer, C., Kanne, S., Georgiades, S., Lord, C., Esler, A., & Bishop, S. L. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.444 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationLyall, K., Hosseini, M., Ladd‐Acosta, C., Ning, X., Catellier, D., Constantino, J. N., Croen, L., Kaat, A. J., Botteron, K. N., Bush, N. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04667-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Morotti, H., Mastel, S. A., Keller, K. L., Barnard, R., Hall, T. A., O’Roak, B. J., & Fombonne, E. J. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14558 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Psychometric Study of the Social Responsiveness Scale in Phelan–McDermid Syndrome
Gergoudis, K. N., Weinberg, A. D., Templin, J. L., Farmer, C., Durkin, A., Weissman, J., Siper, P. M., Foss‐Feig, J. H., Trelles, M. D. P., Bernstein, J. A., et al. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2299 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Neuhaus, E., Beauchaine, T. P., Bernier, R., & Webb, S. J. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1907 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rosen, T. E., Spaulding, C. J., Gates, J. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318809690 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Differential Diagnosis of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Olson, L., Bishop, S. L., & Thurm, A. E. (2024) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2023.12.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationReplication study for ADOS ‐2 cut‐offs to assist evaluation of autism spectrum disorder
Hong, J. S., Singh, V., Kalb, L. G., Reetzke, R., Ludwig, N. N., Pfeiffer, D. L., Holingue, C., Menon, D. U., Lu, Q., Ashkar, A., et al. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2801 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gupta, N., Srinivasan, S., & Gupta, M. (2025) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852925000021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Wang, L., Xie, S. H., Pan, S., Zhao, J., Zou, M., & Sun, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.654485 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
de Boer, A., Vermeulen, K., Egger, J. I. M., Janzing, J., de Leeuw, N., Veenstra‐Knol, H. E., den Hollander, N. S., van Bokhoven, H., Staal, W., & Kleefstra, T. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0193-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
McKenney, E. E., Brunwasser, S. M., Richards, J. K., Day, T. C., Kofner, B., McDonald, R. G., Williams, Z. J., Gillespie‐Lynch, K., Kang, E., Lerner, M. D., et al. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0078 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Linguistic Maze Production by Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Bangert, K. J., & Finestack, L. H. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00187 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hidden Aspects of the Research ADOS Are Bound to Affect Autism Science
Torres, E. B., Rai, R., Mistry, S., & Gupta, B. (2020) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01263 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A convergent structure–function substrate of cognitive imbalances in autism
Hong, S., Mottron, L., Park, B., Benkarim, O. M., Valk, S. L., Paquola, C., Larivière, S., de Wael, R. V., Degré‐Pelletier, J., Soulières, I., et al. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac156 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mid‐childhood autism sibling recurrence in infants with a family history of autism
Bazelmans, T., Arthur, R., Pasco, G., Shephard, E., Milosavljevic, B., Ali, J. B., Pickles, A. R., Johnson, M. H., Jones, E. J. H., Charman, T., et al. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3182 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationChristopher, K., Bishop, S. L., Carpenter, L. A., Warren, Z. E., & Kanne, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04469-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationD’Souza, N. S., Nebel, M. B., Crocetti, D., Robinson, J., Wymbs, N. F., Mostofsky, S. H., & Venkataraman, A. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118388 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chetcuti, L., Uljarević, M., Schuck, R. K., Hardan, A. Y., Gengoux, G. W., Trembath, D. L., Vadgama, Y., Varcin, K. J., Vivanti, G., Whitehouse, A., et al. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102588 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sex- and age-related differences in autistic behaviours in children with neurofibromatosis type 1
Chisholm, A. K., Lami, F., Haebich, K. M., Ure, A., Brignell, A., Maloof, T., Pride, N. A., Walsh, K. S., Maier, A., Rouel, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05571-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Narvekar, N., Leno, V. C., Pasco, G., Ali, J. B., Johnson, M. H., Charman, T., Jones, E. J. H., & The STAARS Team (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13941 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shchelochkov, O. A., Farmer, C., Chlebowski, C., Adedipe, D., Ferry, S., Manoli, I., Pass, A. R., McCoy, S., Ryzin, C. V., Sloan, J. L., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02385-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Duvall, S. W., Greene, R. K., Phelps, R. A., Rutter, T. M., Markwardt, S., Painter, J. G., Cordova, M., Calamé, B., Doyle, O. J., Nigg, J. T., et al. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06329-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Initiating joint attention use in infants at high‐risk for autism spectrum disorder
Brewe, A. M., Reisinger, D. L., Adlof, S. M., & Roberts, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12539 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Genetic correlates of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism
(2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.20159228 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wright, B., Phillips, H., Allgar, V. L., Sweetman, J., Hodkinson, R., Hayward, E., Ralph‐Lewis, A., Teige, C., Bland, M., & Couteur, A. S. L. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211029116 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Yuan, X., Zhang, Q., Wen, J., Cheng, T.-Y., Qin, X., Ji, T., Shu, X., Jiang, Y., Liao, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.846301 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wolff, N., Eberlein, M., Stroth, S., Poustka, L., Roepke, S., Kamp‐Becker, I., & Roessner, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826043 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Subgrouping school-aged children on the autism spectrum based on co-occurring psychiatric symptoms
Piergies, A. M. H., Hirota, T., Monden, R., & Zheng, S. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101983 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zheng, S., Kaat, A. J., Farmer, C., Thurm, A. E., Burrows, C. A., Kanne, S. M., Georgiades, S., Esler, A., Lord, C., Takahashi, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927847 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism questionnaire scores do not only rise because of autism
Fombonne, E. J., Morotti, H., Mastel, S. A., Keller, K. L., Barnard, R., Hall, T. A., & O’Roak, B. J. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14725 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mire, S. S., Anderson, J. E., Manis, J. K., Hughes, K. R., Raff, N. S., & Goin‐Kochel, R. P. (2018) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-018-9251-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Guttentag, S., Bishop, S. L., Doggett, R. A., Shalev, R. A., Kaplan, M., Dyson, M. W., Cohen, M. T., Lord, C., & Martino, A. D. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211030071 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationKlusek, J., Will, E., Moser, C., Hills, K. J., Thurman, A. J., Abbeduto, L., & Roberts, J. E. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01044-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Vermeulen, K., Egger, J. I. M., Janzing, J., van Dongen, L. C. M., van Bokhoven, H., Kleefstra, T., & Staal, W. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Inclusion of individuals with low IQ in drug development for autism spectrum disorder
Farmer, C., & Thurm, A. E. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.04.017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Epidemiological Surveys of ASD: Current Findings and New Directions
Fombonne, E. J., MacFarlane, H., Salem, A. C., & Zuckerman, K. E. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Al‐Attar, Z., & Worthington, R. (2024) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-07-2023-0041 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Girault, J. B., Nishino, T., Talović, M., Nebel, M. B., Reynolds, M., Burrows, C. A., Elison, J. T., Lee, C.-M., Snyder, A. Z., Shen, M. D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-025-09613-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Autism Overdiagnosis and Its Harmful Effects
Liao, L., & Fombonne, E. J. (2026) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.0400 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Moody, C. T., Schiltz, H. K., Ratto, A. B., Gulsrud, A. C., & Laugeson, E. A. (2022) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2022.05.007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Best practice assessments for autism spectrum disorders in schools
Christopher, K., & Lord, C. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22680 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSeverity should be distinguished from prototypicality
Mottron, L., Gagnon, D., & Courchesne, V. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2986 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rynkiewicz, A., King, B. H., Kalisz, K., Słopień, A., Janas-Kozik, M. H., & Łucka, I. (2018) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2018.0047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zou, M., Sun, C., Wang, J., Kang, J. X., Xu, Z., Ma, Y., Chen, L., Xinxi, Z., Xia, W. T., & Wu, L. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.084 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mottron, L., & Bzdok, D. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01343-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shaffer, R. C., Thurman, A. J., Ronco, L. V., Cadavid, D., Raines, S. R., & Kim, S. H. (2022) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-021-09411-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessing students in foster care for autism spectrum disorders
Dilly, L. J., & Pavlov, A. C. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22657 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clinical correlates of diagnostic certainty in children and youths with Autistic Disorder
Rødgaard, E., Rodríguez‐Herreros, B., Zeribi, A., Jensen, K. L., Courchesne, V., Douard, E. A., Gagnon, D., Huguet, G., Jacquemont, S., & Mottron, L. (2024) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-024-00592-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Galligan, M. R. L., Heyman, M., Bolourian, Y., Stavropoulos, K. K. M., & Blacher, J. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05313-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Measurement of Autism Symptomatology in Children With Neurodevelopmental Impairment
Constantino, J. N. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.01.017 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of Cognition and Age on Assessment of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disabilities
Thurm, A. E., Bishop, S. L., & Giserman‐Kiss, I. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe association of neurofibromatosis and autism symptomatology is confounded by behavioral problemsPreprint
Morotti, H., Mastel, S. A., Keller, K. L., Barnard, R., Hall, T. A., O’Roak, B. J., & Fombonne, E. J. (2019) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.19015420 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Measuring autism with the ADOS ‐2 using a bifactor model
Albert, P., Kaldes, G., Tully, E. C., Romski, M. A., Morris, R. D., Sevcik, R. A., & Dilly, L. J. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3245 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lampinen, L. A., Ederer, J. E., & Bal, V. H. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06988-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of Rare Genetic Disorders on Family Functioning
Vermeulen, K., Kleefstra, T., Janzing, J., Rietman, M., van Dongen, L. C. M., van Bokhoven, H., Egger, J. I. M., & Staal, W. (2021) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v9i11.2598 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Havdahl, K. A., Hus Bal, V., Huerta, M., Pickles, A., Øyen, A.-S., Stoltenberg, C., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bishop, Somer L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1054-1063.e3
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5131801
- OpenAlex
- W2524395647
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 7.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- King's College London
- Universitetet i Bergen
- National Institutes of Health (5rc1mh089721-02)
- Weill Cornell Medical College
- Helse Sør-Øst RHF (2012101)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC1 MH-089721, R01MH081873)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD065277, R01HD081199)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, Social Responsiveness Scale, ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, emotional and behavioral problems, intellectual disability, diagnostic specificity, cut-off values, neurodevelopmental disorders, autism etiology
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
