Matching together living cells and prototissues: will there Be chemistry?
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Scientific advancements in bottom‐up synthetic biology have led to the development of numerous models of synthetic cells, or protocells. To date, research has mainly focused on increasing the (bio)chemical complexity of these bioinspired micro‐compartmentalized systems, yet the successful integration of protocells with living cells remains one of the major challenges in bottom‐up synthetic biology. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of the art in hybrid protocell/living cell and prototissue/living cell systems. Inspired by recent breakthroughs in tissue engineering, we review the chemical, bio‐chemical, and mechano‐chemical aspects that hold promise for achieving an effective integration of non‐living and living matter. The future production of fully integrated protocell/living cell systems and increasingly complex prototissue/living tissue systems not only has the potential to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering, but also paves the way for new technologies in (bio)sensing, personalized therapy, and drug delivery.
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Tissue-like assemblies, or prototissues, represent a novel level of organizational complexity.
“These systems are now commonly referred to as tissue-like assemblies, or prototissues, and represent a novel level of organizational complexity (Liu et al., 2022; Valente et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024).”
From Wetware network-based AI: a chemical approach to embodied cognition for robotics and artificial intelligence (2026) · cites this paper as Valente et al., 2024
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Self-citationCells feel the beat – temporal effect of cyclic mechanical actuation on muscle cells
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Sorted by citations
Damiano, L., Fleres, A., Roli, A., & Stano, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2025.1694338 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Valente, S., Galanti, A., Maghin, E., Najdi, N., Piccoli, M., & Gobbo, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Trieste (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Gobbo, Pierangelo
- Venue
- ChemBioChem
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-08-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- e202400378-e202400378
- ISSN
- 1439-4227 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-7633
- OpenAlex
- W4399897234
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ChemBioChem (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission (PROTOMAT 101039578)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Keywords
- protocells, artificial cells, bottom-up synthetic biology, cell integration, tissue engineering, biosensing, drug delivery, personalized treatment
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Tissue Engineering, Artificial Cells, Synthetic Biology
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