Gender differences in caregiver emotion socialization of low-income toddlers
Open accessAbstract
Low-income children are at elevated risk for emotion-related problems; however, little research has examined gender and emotion socialization in low-income families. The authors describe the ways in which emotion socialization may differ for low-income versus middle-income families. They also present empirical data on low-income caregivers' responses to their toddlers' emotion displays, with findings indicating more supportive and fewer punitive responses to boys' anger than to girls', but few gender differences for sadness/anxiety. Finally, they present two models (the emotion competence model and differential emotions model) for understanding relations between emotion socialization and the development of psychopathology, particularly in low-income children.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
There were no notable gender differences in supportive, punishing, or caregiver distress responses to toddlers' sadness/anxiety.
“Interestingly, there were no notable gender differences in supportive, punishing, or caregiver distress responses to sadness/anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Caregivers gave supportive responses to toddlers' anger about seven times more often for boys than for girls (44% vs. 6%).
“In response to anger, caregivers showed supportive reactions about seven times more often for boys than for girls (44% for boys, 6% for girls).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Caregivers punished toddlers' anger about twice as often for girls as for boys (79% vs. 38%).
“Caregivers responded to anger with punishment about twice as often for girls than boys (38% for boys, 79% for girls).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the low-income, primarily African American toddler sample, boys and girls did not differ significantly in observed sadness/anxiety expression.
“We did not find significant differences for sadness/anxiety (girls M =.44, SD =.91; boys M =.55, SD =1.20)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no statistically significant gender differences in caregivers' responses to boys versus girls.
“There were no statistically significant gender differences, which is not surprising given the small sample size.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Girls received somewhat more override responses than boys for sadness (50% vs. 31%).
“Regarding override responses, girls actually received somewhat greater override (dismissing) responses than boys (31% for boys, 50% for girls) for their sadness”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Boys were more likely than girls to receive no caregiver response to their sadness/anxiety (28% vs. 9%).
“Boys were more likely to receive no response to their sadness/anxiety than girls (28% for boys, 9% for girls)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Override responses to toddlers' anger were distributed more evenly between boys and girls.
“Override responses to child anger were more evenly distributed for boys versus girls (see Table 2.1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the same sample, boys and girls did not differ significantly in observed anger expression.
“or for anger (girls M =.41, SD =1.01; boys M =.24, SD =.79)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Caregivers showed distress in response to toddlers' anger about six times more often for girls than for boys (39% vs. 6%).
“They responded with caregiver distress reactions about 6 times as often for girls than boys (6% for boys, 39% for girls).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The observed gender differences in caregiver responses to anger are consistent with prior research on Caucasian middle-class families.
“These gender differences are consistent with prior research on Caucasian middle-class families (for example, Chaplin et al., 2005)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chaplin et al., 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Emotion socialization behaviors that foster emotional competence, such as emotion coaching, may decrease child psychopathology.
“Thus, emotion socialization behaviors that foster emotional competence, such as “emotion coaching” (which involves the caregiver being aware of emotion, seeing emotional situations as opportunities for emotional closeness and teaching, listening to the child and validating his or her emotions, and helping the child find solutions to his or her problems) may decrease child psychopathology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: A lack of emotional competence may lead to risk for psychological disorders.
- Interpretationcitation
The lack of reinforcement of boys' sadness/anxiety could lead boys to decrease their sadness and anxiety expressions over time.
“This lack of reinforcement could lead boys to decrease sadness and anxiety expressions over time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Parental responses that support child emotions, rather than punish or minimize them, lead to greater child emotional competence.
“it is proposed that parental responses that support child emotions, rather than punish or minimize emotions, lead to greater child emotional competence (Denham, 2007; Gottman, Katz, & Hooven, 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Denham, 2007
- cites Gottman, Katz, & Hooven, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Children whose parents engage in emotion coaching or similar supportive behaviors show better emotional and social competence than peers who are not coached or supported.
“Children whose parents engage in emotion coaching or similar behaviors that support emotions show better emotional and social competence as compared to peers who are not emotion coached or supported.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
Because the sample was low-income, primarily African American, and inner-city, the study cannot determine whether the pattern of results is due to ethnicity, low-income status, or the inner-city environment.
“Additionally, the present study examined low-income, primarily African American inner-city toddlers. It is impossible to determine whether the pattern of results presented here are due to ethnicity, low-income status, or the inner-city environment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Caregivers' greater distress following girls' anger than boys' anger suggests that caregivers were upset by girls' anger displays.
“Interestingly, caregivers also showed distress following girls’ anger more than boys’, suggesting that they were upset by girls’ anger displays”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
If this pattern becomes too rigid, a girl may focus on sadness in most situations, even those in which anger or assertiveness is more appropriate.
“Over time and over a number of socialization experiences, if this pattern of emotion becomes too rigid, a girl may focus on sadness in most situations, even those in which anger/ assertiveness is the more appropriate response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Selective socialization of sadness in girls may contribute to girls' greater rates of depression than boys'.
“In this way, selective socialization of sadness in girls may contribute to girls’ greater rates of depression than boys’ (see Fivush & Buckner, 1998; Keenan & Hipwell, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fivush & Buckner, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Keenan & Hipwell, 2005 source
- Interpretationcitation
These angry displays may be one factor contributing to the development of conduct problems.
“These angry displays may be one factor contributing to the development of conduct problems (Cole, Michel, & Teti, 1994).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cole, Michel, & Teti, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Low-income parents' discouragement of negative emotion was associated with preschoolers' lower knowledge of angry situations.
“Also, in one study, low-income parents’ discouragement of negative emotion was associated with preschoolers’ lower knowledge of angry situations (Garner et al., 1994).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Garner et al., 1994 source
- Premisecitation
The emotion competence model does not explain why some children who lack emotion coaching/support tend toward externalizing psychopathology while others develop internalizing psychopathology.
“However, the emotion competence model does not provide an explanation for why some children who lack emotion coaching/support tend toward more externalizing psychopathology (such as oppositional defiant disorder), whereas others develop internalizing psychopathology (such as depression or anxiety disorders) (Zahn-Waxler, Klimes-Dougan, & Kendziora, 1998).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zahn-Waxler, Klimes-Dougan, & Kendziora, 1998 source
- Premisecitation
In one sample of low-income inner-city youth, only shame showed a gender difference in socialization, with girls reporting greater reward of their shame than boys.
“Also, of all the discrete emotions examined, only shame showed a gender difference in socialization in one sample of low-income inner-city youth, with girls reporting greater reward of their shame than boys (O’Neal & Magai, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O’Neal & Magai, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Low-income mothers' supportive responses (matching and discussing emotion) were associated with more constructive child emotion regulation, similar to middle-income families.
“Low-income mothers’ supportive responses (matching the emotion and discussing emotion) have been associated with more constructive child emotion regulation, similar to middle-income families (Garner, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Garner, 2006 source
- Premisecitation
Low-income parents' discouragement of negative emotion was not linked to children's knowledge of sad or fearful situations.
“However, parents’ discouragement of negative emotion was not linked to children’s knowledge of sad or fearful situations, suggesting that emotion-coaching behaviors may have different consequences for low-income children’s anger versus sadness/fear.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Garner et al., 1994 source
- May combine two claims. 15
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe sample means indicated that girls expressed slightly less sadness/anxiety and slightly more anger than boys.
“In fact, the pattern of means suggests that girls actually showed slightly less sadness/anxiety and slightly greater anger than boys.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCaregivers showed few gender differences in response to toddlers' sadness/anxiety, and the differences found were mixed.
“In sum, caregivers showed few gender differences in response to child sadness/anxiety, and the gender differences that were found were mixed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningLow-income parents may show different emotion socialization behaviors than middle-income parents, and these behaviors may have different consequences for children's psychopathology.
“Given the many stressors they must cope with on a day-to-day basis, low-income parents may show different emotion socialization behaviors than middle-income families, and these behaviors may have different consequences for children’s development of psychopathology than they would for middle-income families.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Low-income families have more stressors and fewer positive opportunities than middle-income families.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study did not include male caregivers, so parent gender differences could not be examined.
“Another limitation is that the study did not include male caregivers and therefore parent gender differences could not be examined herein.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLow-income children are at elevated risk for psychological problems that often involve difficulties with emotion expression and regulation.
“This is particularly important for low-income children, as these youth are at elevated risk for psychological problems, problems that often involve difficulties with emotion expression and regulation (Cicchetti & Cohen, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cicchetti & Cohen, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEmotion-coached preschoolers participate in less-negative play with friends, have better attention, and show less physiological stress than peers.
“Emotion-coached preschoolers participate in less-negative play with friends, have better ability to focus their attention, and show less physiological indications of stress than their peers (Hooven, Gottman, & Katz, 1995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hooven, Gottman, & Katz, 1995 source
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study was limited by a low frequency of child emotion episodes, so its findings apply only to children who were emotionally reactive to the toy being taken away.
“First, there was a low frequency of child emotion episodes. Thus, the findings are limited to children who were emotionally reactive to a toy being taken away.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe descriptive data suggest that low-income, primarily African American caregivers respond in ways that encourage boys' anger and discourage or punish girls' anger.
“These descriptive data suggest that these low-income, primarily African American caregivers respond in ways that encourage boys’ anger and discourage/punish girls’ anger.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLower parental response to preschoolers' sadness/anxiety predicted lower child expression of sadness/anxiety two years later.
“For example, Chaplin and colleagues (2005) found that lower parent response to sadness/anxiety in pre-schoolers predicted children’s lower expression of sadness/anxiety two years later.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chaplin and colleagues (2005)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMothers' coaching responses to preschoolers' anger were associated with lower teacher-rated internalizing symptoms and lower mother-rated total behavior problems in middle-class families.
“In terms of psychological symptoms, mother’s coaching responses to preschoolers’ anger have been associated with lower teacher-rated internalizing symptoms and lower mother-rated total behavior problems in middle-class families (Hooven and others, 1995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hooven and others, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMothers' supportive reactions to preschoolers' emotions were associated with better child emotional competence in middle-class Caucasian families.
“Mothers’ supportive reactions (such as positive and nurturing reactions) to their preschoolers’ displays of emotions were associated with children’s better emotional competence (such as more optimal emotion regulation and reactions to peers’ emotions) in a study of middle-class Caucasian families (Denham & Grout, 1993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Denham & Grout, 1993 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationShame and guilt may be more encouraged in girls than in boys and, if internalized excessively, may lead to depression.
“Shame and guilt, for example, may be more encouraged in girls than in boys and, if internalized to an excessive level, may lead them to develop depression (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1991).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zahn-Waxler et al., 1991 source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataTaken together, the review and findings suggest there may be differences in parents' responses to girls' versus boys' emotions, although these may be attenuated in low-income and/or ethnic minority families.
“Taken together, our review of the literature and our findings with a sample of low-income, primarily African American toddlers suggests that there may be differences in parents’ responses to girls’ versus boys’ emotions, although these may be attenuated in low-income and/or ethnic minority families.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIt may be that anger is more acceptable in girls from low-income environments, leading girls to be at risk for externalizing behaviors, including substance use and early sexual activity.
“It may be that anger is more acceptable in girls from low-income environments, leading girls to be at risk for externalizing behaviors, including high-risk behaviors like substance use and early sexual activity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningParents' greater encouragement of anger in boys may place boys at greater risk for developing externalizing behavior problems characterized by angry and aggressive behavior.
“Parents’ greater encouragement of anger in boys may place boys at greater risk for developing externalizing behavior problems, problems that are characterized by angry and aggressive behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationEncouragement or reward of particular emotions may lead children to express patterns of emotion that, with other risk factors, lead toward particular forms of psychopathology.
“It has been theorized that encouragement/reward of particular emotions may lead children to express patterns of emotion that may, in conjunction with other risk factors, lead them toward particular forms of psychopathology (Chaplin & Cole, 2005; Izard, 1972; Malatesta & Wilson, 1988).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningGender differences in parental responses to emotion may contribute to gender differences in child emotion expression and psychopathology.
“Moreover, gender differences in parental responses to emotion are important in that they may contribute to gender differences in child emotion expression and psychopathology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningGender differences in emotion socialization may be more evident when anger and sadness/anxiety are examined separately because there are different gender stereotypes for these emotions, at least in dominant U.S. culture.
“Gender differences in emotion socialization may be more evident when examining anger and sadness/anxiety separately because there are different gender stereotypes for these emotions, at least in dominant U.S. culture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningParents who respond to a boy's angry outbursts by rewarding the anger may contribute to an escalating cycle of more intense angry displays.
“For example, parents who respond to a boy’s angry outbursts by rewarding this anger, either with increased attention or with supportive responses, may contribute to an escalating cycle of more and more intense angry displays.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningParents' greater encouragement of sadness and anxiety in girls, if pervasive, may lead girls to develop a pattern of coping with difficult situations by focusing on sadness and anxiety.
“In this model, for example, parents’ greater encouragement of sadness and anxiety in girls, if it is pervasive in the parenting style, may lead girls to develop a pattern of coping with difficult situations by focusing on sadness and anxiety.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis pattern could lead to greater passive, ruminative coping, exacerbated sad feelings, hopelessness, and possibly depression, especially in a stressful low-income inner-city environment.
“This could, especially in the context of a stressful environment such as a low-income inner-city neighborhood, lead to greater use of passive, ruminative coping, exacerbated sad feelings, hopelessness, and possibly depression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCoaching children's emotions, including sadness, anger, and positive emotions, can lead to emotional competence and decreased risk for psychopathology in middle-income families and possibly also in low-income families.
“In sum, coaching of children’s emotions, including sadness, anger, and positive emotions, can lead to emotional competence and a broad decreased risk for psychopathology in middle-income families and possibly also in low-income families.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: A lack of emotional competence may lead to risk for psychological disorders.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe combination of low emotion coaching and attention to discrete emotions may together lead to psychopathology.
“Interestingly, it may be the combination of low emotion coaching (which may lead to a general lack of emotion competence) and attention to discrete emotions (which focuses a lack of competence on particular emotions) that together lead to psychopathology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: A lack of emotional competence may lead to risk for psychological disorders.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoys are more likely to develop externalizing problems in childhood, and girls are more likely to exhibit depression and some forms of anxiety by adolescence.
“The specificity of prediction is particularly important when considering child gender, as boys are more likely to develop externalizing problems in childhood and girls are more likely to exhibit depression and some forms of anxiety by adolescence (Achenbach, 1991; Hankin et al., 1998; Ollendick & Yule, 1990).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
Little research has examined gender and emotion socialization in low-income families.
“little research has examined gender and emotion socialization in low-income families”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-income families have more stressors and fewer positive opportunities than middle-income families.
“low-income families often have more stressors (e.g., worries about paying bills, threats of being evicted, multiple residence changes, unsafe neighborhoods) and have fewer positive opportunities (e.g., access to good school systems and extracurricular activities) than middle-income families.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A lack of emotional competence may lead to risk for psychological disorders.
“A lack of emotional competence may lead to risk for psychological disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-income parents may not have the energy or resources to respond to their children's emotions in validating ways at all times.
“Given the many stresses associated with low-income status, these parents may not have the energy or the resources to be able to respond to their children’s emotions in validating ways at all times.”
The paper relies on this without support.
What is supportive or optimal emotion socialization for low-income parents may differ from what is considered optimal in Caucasian, middle-income families.
“Also, what may be “supportive” or optimal emotion socialization for low-income parents may look different than what is considered optimal in the context of Caucasian, middle-income families.”
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Garner, P. W., Jones, D. C., & Miner, J. L. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00772.x · Cited by 274 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Also, in one study, low-income parents’ discouragement of negative emotion was associated with preschoolers’ lower knowledge of angry situations (Garner et al., 1994).”
BackgroundDYNAMIC CEREBRAL PROCESSES UNDERLYING EMOTION REGULATION
Fox, N. A. (1994) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01282.x · Cited by 274 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Emotional arousal and emotion expression have a basis in biology (Fox, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluence of Gender on Parental Socialization of Children's Sadness Regulation
Cassano, M. C., Perry-Parrish, C. K., & Zeman, J. L. (2007) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
(2007) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Gender, Emotion, and the Family
Brody, L. R. (1999) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028821 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Guilt and empathy: Sex differences and implications for the development of depression
Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., & Barrett, K. C. (1991) · The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663963.012 · Cited by 231 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Shame and guilt, for example, may be more encouraged in girls than in boys and, if internalized to an excessive level, may lead them to develop depression (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1991).”
BackgroundExploring sex differences in the emotional content of mother-child conversations about the past
Fıvush, R. (1989) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288079 · Cited by 218 · cited 4× · see citing works
“However, studies that examined parents’ responses to specific emotions have found evidence that parents show more encouragement of girls’ fear and sadness than boys’ and of boys’ anger than girls’ (questionnaire studies: Birnbaum & Croll, 1984; Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Zeman, 2007, Fuchs & Thelen, 1988; KlimesDougan…”
BackgroundInfluentialMalatesta, C. Z., & Wilson, A. (1988) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00807.x · Cited by 217 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It has been theorized that encouragement/reward of particular emotions may lead children to express patterns of emotion that may, in conjunction with other risk factors, lead them toward particular forms of psychopathology (Chaplin & Cole, 2005; Izard, 1972; Malatesta & Wilson, 1988).”
BackgroundO’Neal, C. R., & Magai, C. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050224 · Cited by 211 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Similarly, low-income parents may show unique types of emotion socialization behaviors (O’Neal & Magai, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLinares, L. O., Heeren, T., Bronfman, E. T., ZUCKERMAN, B. S., Augustyn, M. C., & Tronick, E. Z. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00302 · Cited by 204 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Low-income children show heightened levels of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems (Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994; Linares et al., 2001; Qi & Kaiser, 2003), problems that are associated at least partially with emotional arousal and regulation.”
BackgroundMaternal Meta‐emotion Philosophy and Adolescent Depressive Symptomatology
Katz, L. F., & Hunter, E. C. (2007) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00388.x · Cited by 196 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…one category for analyses) found no differences in parents’ response to boys’ versus girls’ emotions (questionnaire studies: Eisenberg & Fabes, 1994; Katz & Hunter, 2007; Roberts, 1999; Wong, Diener, & Isabella, 2008; except see Eisenberg, Fabes, & Murphy, 1996; observational studies:…”
Fuchs, D. L., & Thelen, M. H. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130494 · Cited by 194 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…girls’ fear and sadness than boys’ and of boys’ anger than girls’ (questionnaire studies: Birnbaum & Croll, 1984; Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Zeman, 2007, Fuchs & Thelen, 1988; KlimesDougan et al., 2007; Zeman & Garber, 1996; observational studies: Adams, Kuebli, Boyle, & Fivush, 1995; Chaplin et…”
Garner, P. W., Jones, D. C., & Miner, J. L. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131405 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Corey, S. M., & Goodenough, F. L. (1933) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1414315 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Emotion Socialization in Families of Children With an Anxiety Disorder
Suveg, C. M., Zeman, J. L., Flannery-Schroeder, E. C., & Cassano, M. C. (2005) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-1823-1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-1844 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Parental meta-emotion structure predicts family and child outcomes
Hooven, C., Gottman, J. M., & Katz, L. F. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508409010 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Depression in British and American children and its relation to anxiety and fear
Ollendick, T. H., & Yule, W. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.58.1.126 · Cited by 139 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of prediction is particularly important when considering child gender, as boys are more likely to develop externalizing problems in childhood and girls are more likely to exhibit depression and some forms of anxiety by adolescence (Achenbach, 1991; Hankin et al., 1998; Ollendick & Yule, 1990).”
BackgroundThe role of gender in the socialization of emotion: Key concepts and critical issues
Root, A. K., & Denham, S. A. (2010) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.265 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Socialization of emotion: Pathway to preschoolers' emotional and social competence
Denham, S. A., & Grout, L. (1993) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986120 · Cited by 131 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…(such as positive and nurturing reactions) to their preschoolers’ displays of emotions were associated with children’s better emotional competence (such as more optimal emotion regulation and reactions to peers’ emotions) in a study of middle-class Caucasian families (Denham & Grout, 1993).”
BackgroundEconomic Stress in the Family and Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Takeuchi, D. T., Williams, D. R., & Adair, R. K. (1991) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353006 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Garner, P. W. (2006) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.179 · Cited by 124 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Low-income mothers’ supportive responses (matching the emotion and discussing emotion) have been associated with more constructive child emotion regulation, similar to middle-income families (Garner, 2006).”
BackgroundNeurobehavioral profiles of neonates exposed to cocaine prenatally
Mayes, L. C., Granger, R. H., Frank, M. A., Schottenfeld, R., & Bornstein, M. H. (1993) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.91.4.778 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationPreadolescent Clues to Understanding Depression in Girls
Keenan, K., & Hipwell, A. E. (2005) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-005-4750-3 · Cited by 118 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this way, selective socialization of sadness in girls may contribute to girls’ greater rates of depression than boys’ (see Fivush & Buckner, 1998; Keenan & Hipwell, 2005).”
BackgroundWoodworth, S., Belsky, J., & Crnic, K. A. (1996) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353728 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The etiology of children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality
Birnbaum, D. W., & Croll, W. L. (1984) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287379 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…have found evidence that parents show more encouragement of girls’ fear and sadness than boys’ and of boys’ anger than girls’ (questionnaire studies: Birnbaum & Croll, 1984; Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Zeman, 2007, Fuchs & Thelen, 1988; KlimesDougan et al., 2007; Zeman & Garber, 1996;…”
BackgroundDynamic Cerebral Processes Underlying Emotion Regulation
Fox, N. A. (1994) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166143 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Bernzweig, J. (1990) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t36591-000 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Gender, sadness, and depression: The development of emotional focus through gendered discourse
Fıvush, R., & Buckner, J. P. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511628191.012 · Cited by 95 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this way, selective socialization of sadness in girls may contribute to girls’ greater rates of depression than boys’ (see Fivush & Buckner, 1998; Keenan & Hipwell, 2005).”
BackgroundEmotion Talk Among Mexican American and Anglo American Mothers and Children From Two Social Classes
Eisenberg, A. R. (1999) · Human Biology · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Development of Psychopathology
Chaplin, T. M., & Cole, P. M. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452231655.n3 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been theorized that encouragement/reward of particular emotions may lead children to express patterns of emotion that may, in conjunction with other risk factors, lead them toward particular forms of psychopathology (Chaplin & Cole, 2005; Izard, 1972; Malatesta & Wilson, 1988).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlive and Well?: A Research and Policy Review of Health Programs for Poor Young Children
Klerman, L. V., & Parker, M. B. (1991) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Roberts, W. L. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0087075 · Cited by 56 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Typically, studies that examined parents’ responses to general emotions (or studies in which discrete emotions are combined into one category for analyses) found no differences in parents’ response to boys’ versus girls’ emotions (questionnaire studies: Eisenberg & Fabes, 1994; Katz & Hunter, 2007; Roberts, 1999; Wong…”
BackgroundWong, M. S., Diener, E., & Isabella, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.02.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Methodological Challenges in the Study of Emotional Socialization
Fıvush, R. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_5 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, these findings are limited to studies of parent and child reports of emotion socialization and so can only reflect the socialization practices for which parents and children are consciously aware (Fivush, 1998).”
BackgroundThe study of emotion socialization: Conceptual, methodological, and developmental considerations
Zahn-Waxler, C., Klimes-Dougan, B., & Kendziora, K. T. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_16 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
An Empirical Analysis of Anxiety in Terms of Discrete Emotions
IZARD, C. E. (1972) · Patterns of Emotions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-377750-8.50009-x · Cited by 4
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4 of the 77 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Chaplin, 2008, Emotion socialization observational coding system
- Cicchetti, 2006, Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method
- Izard, 2000, Handbook of emotions, 253
- Magai, 1996, Emotions as a child. Unpublished manuscript
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review.
Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030737 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
“, Chaplin et al., 2005a; Frick, Cornell, Barry, Bodin, & Dane, 2003). Interestingly, there was not a significant gender difference for pride expressions, although the effect size of g .42 favored boys. This is consistent with Else-Quest, Higgins, Allison, and Morton’s (2012) finding that, whereas reported shame and gu…”
ResultSelf-citationFathers’ and mothers’ emotion talk with their girls and boys from toddlerhood to preschool age.
van der Pol, L. D., Groeneveld, M. G., van Berkel, S. R., et al. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000085 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Dunbar, A. S., Perry, N. B., Cavanaugh, A. M., & Leerkes, E. M. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037546 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Parental Practices and Theory of Mind Development
Pavarini, G., Souza, D. D. H., & Hawk, C. K. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9643-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Socialisation de genre et construction des identités sexuées
Rouyer, V., Mieyaa, Y., & Blanc, A. L. (2014) · Revue française de pédagogie · doi:10.4000/rfp.4494 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Heinze, J. E., Miller, A. L., Seifer, R., Dickstein, S., & Locke, R. L. (2014) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12083 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…consistent with research on parental socialization of emotion in low-income samples in that parents of toddlers were found to encourage boys’, but discourage girls’ expressions of anger and may generally discourage boys’ expression of internalizing emotions such as sadness (Chaplin et al., 2010).”
Thompson, S. F., Zalewski, M., Kiff, C. J., Moran, L. R., Cortes, R. C., & Lengua, L. J. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000860 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“For example, more supportive and fewer punitive responses to have been observed of boys’ anger relative to girls’ (Chaplin et al., 2010) and adolescent boys have reported being more punished than girls for displays of sadness (Garside & Klimes-Dougan, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialBreaux, R., Lewis, J., Cash, A. R., Shroff, D. M., Burkhouse, K. L., & Kujawa, A. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00388-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Maternal and adolescent distress tolerance: the moderating role of gender
Daughters, S. B., Gorka, S. M., Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034991 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationPereira, A. I., Barros, L., Roberto, M. S., & Marques, T. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0847-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chaplin, T. M., Visconti, K. J., Molfese, P. J., Susman, E. J., Klein, L. C., Sinha, R., & Mayes, L. C. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000716 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In our past findings with this cohort, we found PCE youth to have higher cortisol at baseline and 1 hr poststress than did NCE youth (Chaplin et al., 2010).”
MethodSelf-citationSocialization of Turkish Children's Emotions: Do Different Emotions Elicit Different Responses?
Çorapçı, F., Aksan, N. S., & Yağmurlu, B. (2012) · Global Studies of Childhood · doi:10.2304/gsch.2012.2.2.106 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Middle-income fathers (Chaplin et al, 2005) and low- and middle-income mothers (Cassano et al, 2007; Chaplin et al, 2010) tend to focus on their sons’ anger and their daughters’ sadness consistent with the gender roles for emotion expression.”
BackgroundGarner, P. W., Mahatmya, D., Moses, L. K., & Bolt, E. (2014) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2013.801706 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The majority of the children in this sample were economically disadvantaged, and adults may not have the same pressures to socialize their children according to traditional gender roles in low-income contexts (Chaplin et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPerry, N. B., Leerkes, E. M., Dunbar, A. S., & Cavanaugh, A. M. (2016) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696816653856 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Miller, R. L., Dunsmore, J. C., & Smith, C. L. (2014) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.975034 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chaplin, T. M., Klein, M. R., Cole, P. M., & Turpyn, C. C. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2028 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationGender Differences in Emotion Expression in Low-Income Adolescents Under Stress
Panjwani, N., Chaplin, T., Sinha, R., & Mayes, L. (2015) · Journal of nonverbal behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-015-0224-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Interestingly, this research does not show strong socialization of gender-role consistent emotion expressions, possibly a result of differences in environmental stressors or different cultural display rules that are socialized in lowincome families (Chaplin et al. 2010).”
Self-citationMcKee, L. G., Faro, A. L., O’Leary, J. L., Spratt, K. H., & Jones, D. J. (2015) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12160 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The role of parental beliefs about anxiety and attachment on parental accommodation of child anxiety
Johnco, C., Storch, E. A., Oar, E., McBride, N. M., Schneider, S., Silverman, W. K., & Lebowitz, E. R. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00722-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Breaux, R., Eadeh, H., Swanson, C. S., & McQuade, J. D. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00833-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Parent Emotional Well-being and Emotion Lability in Young Children
Oattes, N., Kosmerly, S., & Rogers, M. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1188-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Reluctance to Express Emotions: Relations to Parent Emotion Socialization
McNeil, D. J., & Zeman, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01861-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Schrock, D. P., & Knop, B. (2014) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9130-4_19 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“For example, Chaplin et al.’s (2010) experimental research found parents less supportive and more punitive when female toddlers expressed anger about having to wait to play with a desired toy.”
BackgroundUyar, R. Ö., Genç, M. M. Y., & Arnas, Y. A. (2018) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2018.7629 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Loheide‐Niesmann, L., de Lijster, J. M., Hall, R. A. S., van Bakel, H. J. A., & Cima, M. (2020) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12487 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Barreto, S., Wang, S., Guarnaccia, U., Fogelman, N., Sinha, R., & Chaplin, T. M. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics · doi:10.29011/2575-825x.100308 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The TWT is widely used to assess observed parenting and emotions in preschool-aged children [42,46,19,47].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSharp, K. M. H., Cohen, R., Kitzmann, K. M., & Parra, G. R. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0240-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Barnett, M. A., & Scaramella, L. V. (2017) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000304 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Alternatively, low-income mothers may show little gender differentiation in their responses to children’s fear, because they may encourage all children to be tough and wary in order to stay safe in dangerous neighborhood contexts (Chaplin et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Protective Effects of Maternal and Paternal Factors on Children’s Social Development
Cabrera, N., Hennigar, A., Alonso, A., McDorman, S. A., & Reich, S. M. (2021) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-021-00041-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sibling Gender Configuration and Family Processes
van der Pol, L. D., Mesman, J., Groeneveld, M. G., Endendijk, J. J., van Berkel, S. R., Hallers‐Haalboom, E. T., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x15572369 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lins, T. C. D. S., Alvarenga, P., Havighurst, S. S., & da Silva, A. C. S. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12756 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Song, Q., Smiley, P. A., & Doan, S. N. (2022) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12593 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How good gets better and bad gets worse: measuring the face of emotion
Adetoun, B. E., Tserere, M., Adewuyi, M. F., Akande, T., & Akande, W. (2010) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/v10059-010-0018-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Wisdom of Eve: On Differentiating the Colours of Emotion that May Be Threats to Good Life
Akande, W. A., Adetoun, B. E., Adewuyi, M. F., Akande, T., Ntshanga, L. P. Z., Dlamini, B., Williamson, J. T., Dladla, N., Hlongwane, Z., Ibeagu, O., et al. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9862-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chapter 3.2. Socializing the emotions of joy and surprise in parent-child interaction
Waring, H. Z. (2020) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.321.08war · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Emotion talk in parent–child conversations about past emotions in low-income families
Shiu, S.-P., & Wang, P. (2024) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2024.2309472 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mothers’ and fathers’ emotion socialization: Longitudinal relations with toddlers’ social competence
Alonso, A., Cabrera, N., Kerlow, M. A., & Reich, S. M. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102034 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
ŞENGÜL, K. K., & Kahraman, P. B. (2023) · Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi · doi:10.33708/ktc.1180790 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ben‐David, S., Biddell, M., Lougheed, J. P., Vien, C., Ortiz, R., Kealy, D., Turner, S., Gawliuk, M., Mathias, S., & Barbic, S. P. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01456-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For example, girls tend to be socialized to be more emotionally expressive, especially for emotions such as sadness and anxiety (Chaplin et al., 2010).”
Toddlers’ emotion socialization in context: Associations with Mexican heritage cultural values.
Buhler‐Wassmann, A. C., & Hibel, L. C. (2025) · Journal of Latinx Psychology · doi:10.1037/lat0000303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Severinsen, Y., Ystrøm, E., Eftedal, N. H., Nygaard, E., Bekkhus, M., Viana, K. M. P., Tsotsi, S., Bølstad, E., & Bjørk, R. F. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70082 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Several studies have identified effects of children's gender when examining discrete emotions, rather than general emotions (Chaplin et al. 2010; Garside and Klimes-Dougan 2002; Root and Denham 2010).”
Laifer, L. M., Brock, R. L., Tomaso, C. C., James, T. D., Yaroch, A. L., Hill, J. L., Huang, T. T. ‐., Nelson, J. M., Mason, W. A., Espy, K. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01928-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although somewhat unexpected, this is consistent with emerging research suggesting that while socioeconomic status may be associated with general parenting styles, it is not reliably associated with differences in emotion-related socialization behaviors (e.g., Chaplin et al., 2010).”
Chronicity of Violence Foretold: Toward an Integrated Theory of Intimate Partner Violence
Shaked, O. Z., & Baum, N. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241287804 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…bias in parenting, encouraging girls, more than boys, to be empathic and compassionate and to communicate emotions (Alexander & Wilcox, 2012), while encouraging boys, more than girls, to express anger and negative emotions, and to be competitive, independent, and physical (Chaplin et al., 2010).”
Looney, J., Kautz‐Turnbull, C., Rockhold, M. N., Speybroeck, E. L., Myers, J., & Petrenko, C. L. M. (2025) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-025-00443-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…emotion (see Denham et al., 2010 for a review) but contrasts with literature, suggesting parents begin to socialize emotional expression differently in boys and girls as young as infants (Brody, 2000; Malatesta & Haviland, 1982) and early childhood (Adams et al., 1995; Chaplin et al., 2005, 2010).”
What Gets Measured Gets Better: Measuring the Meaning of Patterns of Emotional Responses in Soweto
Adetoun, B. E., Adewuyi, M. F., Akande, T., Akande, W. A., Chipeta, K. L., & Vaal, N. M. (2011) · Research in Education · doi:10.7227/rie.85.7
Grande, J. M. (2015) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans)
DiSabatino, K. M. (2016) · Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi)
Exploring Maternal Emotion Masking as a Contribution to Kindergartener's Emotion Regulation
Donohue, E. (2016) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
Emotion Co-Regulation in Parent-Child Dyads with Externalizing and Typically-Developing Children
Lougheed, J. P. (2012) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Adolescent representations of emotion and emotion regulation
Somers, N. (2016)
Panissal, N., & Molinier, P. (2020) · Pédagogies en développement. Problématiques et recherches · doi:10.3917/dbu.rouye.2020.01.0167
Les questions socialement vives : une visée émancipatrice
(2016) · DIversité REcherches et terrains · doi:10.25965/dire.730
Anger Rumination Uniquely Contributes to Emerging Personality Pathology in Adolescent Boys
O’Dell, C. C., Robins, C. M., Charles, N. E., Mixon, M., & Barry, C. T. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10257-1
“A body of evidence suggests that boys are socialized toward expressions of anger (see Thomas et al., 2003); for example, one study found that young boys receive more supportive and fewer punitive responses to their anger compared to girls (Chaplin et al., 2010).”
Northrup, J. B., Kim, S. Y., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251395122
“Research has shown, for example, that parent responses are influenced by their beliefs about children’s emotions as well as by features of the child, such as child gender and age (Chaplin et al., 2010; Klimes-Dougan et al., 2007; Nelson et al., 2012; Wong et al., 2008).”
Ren, L., Liu, S., Bi Ying, H. U., & Zhang, G. (2026) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2026.2625045
Taha, M., & de Gracia, M. R. L. (2026) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-026-09411-0
“As a result, women tend to be better at expressing their feelings than men (Chaplin et al., 2010; Mayar & Geher, 1996) and are more likely to seek formal help for mental health concerns (Doherty & Kartalova-O’Doherty, 2010).”
- Authors
- Chaplin, T. M., Casey, J., Sinha, R., & Mayes, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2010-06-15
- Volume
- 2010
- Issue
- 128
- Pages
- 11-27
- ISSN
- 0195-2269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-3247
- 1534-8687
- PMC
- PMC2917975
- OpenAlex
- W2039065249
- Semantic Scholar
- 92e0fddcda4fd3abc3cf9dd22b3a1aa65d09fbfb
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Keywords
- emotion socialization, gender differences, low-income households, toddlers, caregiver responses, anger, sadness, anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Child, Emotions, Gender Identity, Humans, Income, Models, Psychological, Poverty
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