The impact of CME on physician performance and patient health outcomes: an updated synthesis of systematic reviews
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Since 1977, many systematic reviews have asked 2 fundamental questions: (1) Does CME improve physician performance and patient health outcomes? and (2) What are the mechanisms of action that lead to positive changes in these outcomes? The article's purpose is to synthesize the systematic review literature about CME effectiveness published since 2003. METHODS: We identified 8 systematic reviews of CME effectiveness published since 2003 in which primary research studies in CME were reviewed and physicians' performance and/or patient health outcomes were included as outcome measures. RESULTS: Five systematic reviews addressed the question of "Is CME Effective?" using primary studies employing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or experimental design methods and concluded: (1) CME does improve physician performance and patient health outcomes, and (2) CME has a more reliably positive impact on physician performance than on patient health outcomes. The 8 systematic reviews support previous research showing CME activities that are more interactive, use more methods, involve multiple exposures, are longer, and are focused on outcomes that are considered important by physicians lead to more positive outcomes. DISCUSSION: Future research on CME effectiveness must take account of the wider social, political, and organizational factors that play a role in physician performance and patient health outcomes. We now have 39 systematic reviews that present an evidence-based approach to designing CME that is more likely to improve physician performance and patient health outcomes. These insights from the scientific study of CME effectiveness should be incorporated in ongoing efforts to reform systems of CME and health care delivery.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Existing evidence about the design and outcomes of CCPs is mixed.
“Although mandatory continuing professional development is an approach that is used widely by professional regulators globally, existing evidence about the design and outcomes of CCPs is mixed [18,247–251].”
From Nursing regulation in Canada: Insights from a scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
Cites
Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1655 · Cited by 10,995 · see citing works
Realist review - a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions
Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1258/1355819054308530 · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
Davis, D., O'Brien, M. A. T., Freemantle, N., Wolf, F. M., Mazmanian, P., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.9.867 · Cited by 2,364 · see citing works
Berwick, D. M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.10.1182 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Moore, D. E., Green, J. S., & Gallis, H. A. (2009) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.20001 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Improving the Quality of Medical Care
Grol, R. P. T. M. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.20.2578 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Bloom, B. S. (2005) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s026646230505049x · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Continuing Medical Education and the Physician as a Learner
Mazmanian, P. E., & Davis, D. A. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.9.1057 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of continuing medical education effectiveness
Mansouri, M., & Lockyer, J. (2007) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.88 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Effective in-service training design and delivery: evidence from an integrative literature review
Bluestone, J., Johnson, P., Fullerton, J. T., Carr, C., Alderman, J., & BonTempo, J. (2013) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/1478-4491-11-51 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
A review of evaluation outcomes of web‐based continuing medical education
Curran, V. R., & Fleet, L. J. (2005) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02173.x · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Brandt, B. F., Lutfiyya, M. N., King, J. A., & Chioreso, C. (2014) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.3109/13561820.2014.906391 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
In Situ Simulation in Continuing Education for the Health Care Professions: A Systematic Review
Rosen, M. A., Hunt, E. A., Pronovost, P. J., Federowicz, M. A., & Weaver, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.21152 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Impact studies in continuing education for health professions: update
Robertson, M. K., Umble, K. E., & Cervero, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.1340230305 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationA systematic review of evaluation in formal continuing medical education
Tian, J., Atkinson, N. L., Portnoy, B., & Gold, R. S. (2007) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.89 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Continuing education for what?
Miller, G. E. (1967) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-196704000-00003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Beyond outcomes monitoring: measurement feedback systems in child and adolescent clinical practice
Kelley, S. D., & Bickman, L. (2009) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32832c9162 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Brennan, N., & Mattick, K. L. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04397.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Umble, K. E., & Cervero, R. M. (1996) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/016327879601900202 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationRatanawongsa, N., Thomas, P. A., Marinopoulos, S. S., Dorman, T., Wilson, L. M., Ashar, B. H., Magaziner, J. L., Miller, R. G., Prokopowicz, G. P., Qayyum, R., et al. (2008) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181637925 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Problem-based learning in continuing medical education: review of randomized controlled trials.
Al-Azri, H., & Ratnapalan, S. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The transformation of continuing medical education (CME) in the United States
Balmer, J. (2013) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s35087 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The technology of measurement feedback systems.
Bickman, L., Kelley, S. D., & Athay, M. M. (2012) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0031022 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Didactic CME and practice change: don’t throw that baby out quite yet
Olson, C. A., & Tooman, T. (2011) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-011-9330-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mazmanian, P. E. (2009) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.20015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Practice-based learning and improvement: A dream that can become a reality
Manning, P. R. (2003) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.1340230404 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Cease Smoking Today (CS2day) Initiative: A Guide to Pursue the 2010 IOM Report Vision for CPD
Cervero, R. M., & Moore, D. E. (2011) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.20151 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe National Plan of the American Medical Association
Storey, P. B. (1967) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1967.01610020018006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pain Management in Acute Musculoskeletal Injury
Hsu, J. R., Mir, H. R., Wally, M. K., & Seymour, R. B. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma · doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000001430 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Samuel, A., Cervero, R. M., Durning, S. J., & Maggio, L. A. (2021) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003899 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationCategorising the broad impacts of continuing professional development: a scoping review
Allen, L., Palermo, C. E., Armstrong, E. G., & Hay, M. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13922 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Saunders, C., Palesy, D., & Lewis, J. M. (2018) · Health Professions Education · doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2018.03.003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Making it stick: use of active learning strategies in continuing medical education
Bucklin, B. A., Asdigian, N. L., Hawkins, J. L., & Klein, U. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02447-0 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
MacNeill, H., Masters, K., Nemethy, K., & Correia, R. (2023) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2023.2197135 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lee, S. Y., Fisher, J. M., Wand, A. P. F., Milisen, K., Detroyer, E., Sockalingam, S., Agar, M. R., Hosie, A., & Teodorczuk, A. (2020) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-019-00278-x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Moore, D. E., Chappell, K., Sherman, L., & Vinayaga-Pavan, M. (2018) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2018.1483578 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Davis, C. S., & Carr, D. H. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.002 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Stephenson, C. R., Bonnes, S. L. R., Sawatsky, A. P., Richards, L. W., Schleck, C. D., Mandrekar, J. N., Beckman, T. J., & Wittich, C. M. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02331-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Continuing professional development requirements for UK health professionals: a scoping review
Karas, M. P., Sheen, N. J. L., North, R. V., Ryan, B., & Bullock, A. D. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032781 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Benefit of Continuing Professional Development for Continuing Pharmacy Education
Wheeler, J. S., & Chisholm‐Burns, M. A. (2017) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe6461 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Main, P. A. E., & Anderson, S. (2023) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-023-00803-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Standardized Patient Use in Continuing Medical Education
Wilbur, K., Elmubark, A., & Shabana, S. (2018) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000190 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Translating evidence into practice: Lessons for CPD
Davis, D. A., & McMahon, G. T. (2018) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2018.1481285 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Al-Omary, H., Soltani, A., Stewart, D. C., & Nazar, Z. J. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06016-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Yeung, S. S. Y., Reijnierse, E. M., Trappenburg, M. C., Meskers, C. G. M., & Maier, A. B. (2019) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12730 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Balis, L. E., Houghtaling, B., & Harden, S. M. (2022) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibac061 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Leadership Case for Investing in Continuing Professional Development
McMahon, G. T. (2017) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001619 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
What Do I Need to Learn Today? — The Evolution of CME
McMahon, G. T. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1515202 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Reinvigorating Continuing Medical Education: Meeting the Challenges of the Digital Age
Cullen, M. W., Geske, J. B., Anavekar, N. S., McAdams, J. A., Beliveau, M. E., Ommen, S. R., & Nishimura, R. A. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.07.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) for continuing medical education – why and how?
Setia, S., Tay, J. C., Chia, Y. C., & Subramaniam, K. (2019) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s219104 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kadhum, M., Sinclair, P., & Lavy, C. (2019) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2019.10.084 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Domestic Violence in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews
Kim, B., & Royle, M. L. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231155530 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Advancing Continuing Medical Education
McMahon, G. T. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7094 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
McCaffrey, E., Chang, S. Y., Farrelly, G. A., Rahman, A., & Cawthorpe, D. (2017) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110714 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Casey, A., Islam, M. M., Schütze, H., Parkinson, A., Yen, L. E., Shell, A., Winbolt, M., & Brodaty, H. (2020) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-020-01178-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Domestic Homicide: A Synthesis of Systematic Review Evidence
Kim, B., & Merlo, A. V. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211043812 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Characteristics of Academic Detailing: Results of a Literature Review.
Hoof, T. J. V., Harrison, L. G., Miller, N. E., Pappas, M., & Fischer, M. A. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hoof, T. J. V., & Doyle, T. J. (2018) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2018.1425546 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An educational intervention to increase student engagement in feedback
McGinness, H. T., Caldwell, P. H. Y., Gunasekera, H., & Scott, K. M. (2020) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2020.1804055 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lim, S. C., Mustapha, F. I., Aagaard‐Hansen, J., Calopietro, M., Aris, T., & Christensen, U. B. (2019) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2019.1710330 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Impact of continuing professional development (CPD) on patient outcomes: a systematic scoping review
Ali, S. A., Sethi, A., Soltani, A., & Nazar, Z. J. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07883-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Jiang, W., Jia, J., Tang, S., & Liu, X. (2021) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-021-00855-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Continuing Professional Development
Drude, K. P., Maheu, M. M., & Hilty, D. M. (2019) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2019.05.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Review of 128 quality of care mechanisms: A framework and mapping for health system stewards
Tello, J. E., Barbazza, E. S., & Waddell, K. (2019) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.11.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Post-graduate Medical Training in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: a Systematic Review
Adirim, Z. L., Sockalingam, S., & Thakur, A. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-020-01378-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ascent to the Summit of the CME Pyramid
Stevenson, R. D., & Moore, D. E. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19791 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
van Braak, M., Visser, M. R. M., Holtrop, M., Muller, I. S., Bont, J., & van Dijk, N. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025286 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Younes, N. A., ABUALRUB, R. F., Alshraideh, H. A., Abu-Helalah, M. A., Alhamss, S., & Qanno, O. (2019) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s232248 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kapoor, A., Amroze, A., Vakil, F., Crawford, S. L., van der, J. M. K., Mathew, J., Alper, E., Yogaratnam, D., Javed, S., Elhag, R., et al. (2020) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.119.005871 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Liu, J., & Mao, Y. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037985 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cheema, P. K., Gomes, M. M., Banerji, S. O., Joubert, P., Leighl, N. B., Melosky, B. L., Sheffield, B. S., Stockley, T. L., & Ionescu, D. N. (2020) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.27.7297 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Opening up the CPD Imagination
Kitto, S. C. (2019) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000265 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A cross-sectional study of learning styles among continuing medical education participants
Collins, C. S., Nanda, S., Palmer, B. A., Mohabbat, A. B., Schleck, C. D., Mandrekar, J. N., Mahapatra, S., Beckman, T. J., & Wittich, C. M. (2018) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2018.1464134 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Valanci, S., Alhassan, N. S., Feldman, L. S., Landry, T., Mastropietro, V., Fiore, J. F., Lee, L., Fried, G. M., & Mueller, C. (2020) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.01.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yu, C. H. Y., Lillie, E., Johnson, A. M., Casey, C. G., & Straus, S. E. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.041 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Behavior Change Techniques in Continuing Professional Development
Konnyu, K. J., McCleary, N., Presseau, J., Ivers, N. M., & Grimshaw, J. (2020) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000319 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Agic, B., Fruitman, H., Maharaj, A., Taylor, J., Ashraf, A., Henderson, J. L., Ronda, N., McKenzie, K. J., Soklaridis, S., & Sockalingam, S. (2022) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000453 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Devonshire, E., & Nicholas, M. K. (2018) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000688 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Howlett, J. G., Colet, J. C., Dickstein, K., Fuat, A., Pölzl, G., & Delaney, S. (2017) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12205 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Price, D. W., Davis, D. A., The AXDEV Group, & Filerman, G. L. (2021) · NAM Perspectives · doi:10.31478/202110a · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Awareness and Knowledge Regarding Sarcopenia among Healthcare Professionals: A Scoping Review
Yao, X. M., Liu, B. B., Deng, W., & Wang, X. H. (2022) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2022.7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
McBride, A., Collins, C., Osborne, B., & McVeigh, H. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03292-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Do State Continuing Medical Education Requirements for Physicians Improve Clinical Knowledge?
Vandergrift, J. L., Gray, B. M., & Weng, W. (2017) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12697 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Harapan, H., Rajamoorthy, Y., Utomo, P. S., Anwar, S., Setiawan, A. M., Aletta, A., Bambang, A., Ramadana, M. R., Ikram, I., Wahyuniati, N., et al. (2019) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-019-4297-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Practitioner Training for Use of Evidence-Based Practice in Occupational Therapy
Myers, C. T., & Lotz, J. M. (2017) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2017.1333183 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
What constitutes responsiveness of physicians: A qualitative study in rural Bangladesh
Joarder, T., George, A. S., Ahmed, S. M., Rashid, S. F., & Sarker, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189962 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Clinical Simulation with ChatGpt: A Revolution in Medical Education?
Ramírez, A. A. P., López, S. T., Navarro-Armendáriz, G. A., Othón, S. A. D. L. T., Cervantes, M. R. S., & Aguirre, J. A. M. (2025) · Journal of CME · doi:10.1080/28338073.2025.2525615 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Anthierens, S., Verhoeven, V., Schmitz, O., & Coenen, S. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2797-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cook, D. A., Stephenson, C. R., Wilkinson, J. M., Maloney, S., Thomas, B. L. B., Prokop, L. J., & Foo, J. (2021) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000004370 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Continuing Professional Education: A Contested Space
Cervero, R. M., & Daley, B. J. (2016) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.20191 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationCampana, É. M. G., Cunha, V., Glaveckaitė, S., Gruev, I. T., Lamirault, G., Lehmann, E., Masi, S., Kuate, L. M., Mishchenko, L. A., Ona, D. I. D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000002598 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
When the Learner Is the Expert: A Simulation-Based Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Faculty
Binstadt, E. S., Dahms, R. A., Carlson, A., Hegarty, C., & Nelson, J. G. (2019) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.11.45513 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Learner engagement and teaching effectiveness in livestreamed versus in‐person CME
Stephenson, C. R., Yudkowsky, R., Wittich, C. M., & Cook, D. A. (2022) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14996 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sehlbach, C., Govaerts, M., Mitchell, S., Rohde, G. G. U., Smeenk, F. W. J. M., & Driessen, E. W. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019963 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rehring, S. M. A., Steiner, J. F., Reifler, L. M., Glenn, K. A., & Daley, M. F. (2021) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000340 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evolving Alignment in International Continuing Professional Development Accreditation
McMahon, G. T., Aboulsoud, S., Gordon, J., McKenna, M. K., Meuser, J., Staz, M. L., & Campbell, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000075 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Emami, Z., Kouhkan, A., Khajavi, A., & Khamseh, M. E. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02212-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hanlon, H. R., Prihodová, L., Russell, T., Donegan, D., O’Shaughnessy, A., & Hoey, H. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049204 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cross, A. J., Liang, J., Thomas, D., Zairina, E., Abramson, M. J., & George, J. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012652.pub2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Furtner, D., Hutás, G., Tan, B., & Meier, R. (2023) · Pharmaceutical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40290-023-00485-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lee, L. S., Hillier, L. M., & Weston, W. W. (2017) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1080/02701960.2017.1373350 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pereira, J. L., Meadows, L. M., Kljujic, D., & Strudsholm, T. (2022) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163221081329 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Carroll, J. C., Grad, R. M., Allanson, J. E., Pluye, P., Permaul, J., Pimlott, N., & Wilson, B. J. (2016) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000079 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Abbasi, E. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.25321832 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yi, T. W., O’Hara, D. V., Smyth, B. J., Jardine, M., Levin, A., & Morton, R. L. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease · doi:10.1177/20543581231217857 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Need for Systems Tools in the Practice of Clinical Medicine
Khayal, I. S., & Farid, A. M. (2017) · Systems Engineering · doi:10.1002/sys.21374 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Defining Clinical Excellence in Hospital Medicine: A Qualitative Study
Kotwal, S., Peña, I. J. V., Howell, E. E., & Wright, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000145 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bacon, C. E. W., Kasamatsu, T. M., Lam, K. C., & Nottingham, S. L. (2018) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-298-17 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kawczak, S., Mooney, M., Mitchner, N. A., Senatore, V., & Stoller, J. K. (2020) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1737457 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Physician preferences for Online and In-person continuing medical education: a cross-sectional study
Mueller, M. R., Croghan, I. T., Schroeder, D. R., Bhuiyan, M. N., Ganesh, R., Mohabbat, A. B., Nanda, S., Wight, E. C., Blomberg, D., & Bonnes, S. L. R. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06046-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chekijian, S. A., YEDIGARYAN, K., Bazarchyan, A., Yaghjyan, G. V., & Sargsyan, S. (2020) · Journal of European CME · doi:10.1080/21614083.2020.1853338 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Laatikainen, T. K., Dumcheva, A., Kiriazova, T. K., Zeziulin, O., Inglin, L., Collins, D., & Farrington, J. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06068-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Keramati, M. R., & Gillies, R. M. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2043388 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Löffler, C., Altiner, A., Blumenthal, S., Bruno, P., Sutter, A. D., Vos, B. J. D., Dinant, G., Duerden, M. G., Dunais, B., Egidi, G., et al. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03832-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Shinkaruk, K., Carr, E., Lockyer, J., & Hecker, K. G. (2022) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2022.2140129 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ko, H., Hovden, E., Köpp, U. M. S., Johnson, M. S., & Baugerud, G. A. (2025) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.70022 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vuković, M., Gvozdenović, B., Ranković, M., McCormick, B. P., Vuković, D. D., Gvozdenović, B. D., Kastratović, D. A., Marković, S. Z., Ilić, M., & Jakovljević, M. (2015) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.21272 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Relationships Between Reflection and Behavior Change in CME
Ratelle, J. T., Wittich, C. M., Yu, R. C., Newman, J. S., Jenkins, S. M., & Beckman, T. J. (2017) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000162 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Starks, H. E., Coats, H., Paganelli, T., Mauksch, L. B., Schaik, E. V., Lindhorst, T. P., Hurd, C., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2017) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909117725042 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Myers, C. T., Schaefer, N., & Coudron, A. (2017) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12398 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gupta, M., Bell, A., Padarath, M., Ngui, D., & Ezekowitz, J. A. (2020) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.11.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sturesson, L., McGrath, C., Björck, E., Elmberger, A., & Laksov, K. B. (2022) · Vocations and Learning · doi:10.1007/s12186-022-09295-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Educating community clinicians using principles of academic detailing in an evolving landscape
Kennedy, A. G., Regier, L. D., & Fischer, M. A. (2020) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa351 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Continuing Professional Development Engagement—A UK-based Concept Analysis
Hearle, D., & Lawson, S. (2019) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000245 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Burgon, T. B., Casebeer, L. L., Aasen, H., Valdenor, C., Tamondong-Lachica, D. R., de Belen, E., Paculdo, D. R., & Peabody, J. W. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31042 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Preventing Fractures in Long-Term Care: Translating Recommendations to Clinical Practice
Παπαϊωάννου, Α., Ioannidis, G., McArthur, C., Hillier, L. M., Feldman, S., Giangregorio, L., Jaglal, S. B., Jain, R., van der Horst, M., & Adachi, J. D. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.07.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bergeron, L., Décary, S., Djade, C., Daniel, S. J., Tremblay, M., Rivest, L.-P., & Légaré, F. (2022) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/34299 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kanyinga, F. B., Gogovor, A., Dofara, S., Gadio, S., Tremblay, M., Daniel, S. J., Rivest, L.-P., & Légaré, F. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04597-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cervero, R. M., & Gaines, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cervero, Ronald M.
- Venue
- Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-138
- ISSN
- 0894-1912 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1811132532
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
- Keywords
- continuing medical education, physician performance, patient outcomes, mechanism of action, interactive learning
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Competence, Education, Medical, Continuing, Humans, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Quality of Health Care, Quality Improvement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
