First appearance, distribution and origin of macrophages in the early development of the avian central nervous system
Abstract
A phagocytic cell system of hemopoietic origin exists in the early avian embryo (Cuadros, Coltey, Nieto, and Martin: Development 115:157-168, '92). In this study we investigated the presence of cells belonging to this system in the central nervous system (CNS) of chick and quail embryos by using both histochemical staining for acid phosphatase and immunolabelling with antibodies recognizing cells of quail hemangioblastic lineage. The origin of these cells was traced in interspecific chick-quail yolk sac chimeras. Hemopoietic cells were detected within the CNS from developmental stage HH15 on, and steadily increased in number at subsequent stages. Analysis of yolk sac chimeras revealed that most of these cells were of yolk sac origin, although some hemopoietic cells of intramebryonic origin were also found in the CNS. Immunocytochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural characterization allowed us to identify hemopoietic cells in the CNS as macrophages. These cells were consistently found in the brain vesicles and spinal cord, appearing (1) between undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells at dorsal levels of the CNS; (2) in areas of cell death; (3) in the marginal layer in close relationship with developing axons; (4) in large extracellular spaces in the subventricular layer; (5) on vascular buds growing through the marginal and subventricular layers; and (6) in the ventricular lumen. Macrophages in different locations varied in morphology and ultrastructure, suggesting that in addition to their involvement in phagocytosis, they play a role in other processes in the developing CNS, such as axonal growth and vascular development. The first macrophages migrate to the CNS independently of its vascularization, apparently traversing the pial basal lamina to reach the nervous parenchyma. Other macrophages may enter the CNS together with vascular buds at subsequent stages during CNS vascularization.
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Microglia are present in the embryonic CNS territory prior to endothelial invasion and participate in cerebrovasculature growth, placing microglia-endothelium interactions as a possible key mechanism in BBB formation and regulation.
“The fact that microglia are present in the embryonic CNS territory prior to endothelial invasion and that they participate in cerebrovasculature growth place the interactions between microglia and CNS endothelium as a possible key mechanism in BBB formation and regulation.”
From The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases (2014) · cites this paper as Cuadros et al., 1993
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- Authors
- Cuadros, M. A., Martin, C., Coltey, P., Almendros, A., & Navascués, J.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Navascués, Julio
- ORCID
- Navascués, Julio
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-04
- Volume
- 330
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-129
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- OpenAlex
- W1983393370
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Keywords
- macrophages, chick embryo, quail embryo, hematopoietic cells, phagocytic system, macrophage origin, brain vesicles, spinal cord, axon growth, embryonic cell death
- MeSH terms
- Acid Phosphatase, Animals, Brain, Central Nervous System, Chick Embryo, Chimera, Coturnix, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Hematopoiesis, Immunologic Techniques, Macrophages, Spinal Cord, Yolk Sac
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