Interleukin 1 of the central nervous system is produced by ameboid microglia.

Giulian, D; Baker, T J; Shih, L C; Lachman, L B

doi:10.1084/jem.164.2.594

Cited by 859Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

Interleukin 1 of the central nervous system is produced by ameboid microglia.

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Giulian, D, Baker, T J, Shih, L C, Lachman, L B·1986·The Journal of experimental medicine

DOI 10.1084/jem.164.2.594PMC PMC2188228

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Abstract

By screening specific populations of rat brain cells, we found that ameboid microglia secrete an 18 kD peptide with IL-1 biological activity. The IL-1 activity released by microglia was found to be identical to rat macrophage IL-1 on fractionation by gel filtration and high pressure liquid anion-exchange chromatography, and it was neutralized by an antiserum specific for murine IL-1. When added to astroglia grown in culture, microglial IL-1 increased the cell number of five- to sevenfold, and increased astroglial incorporation of [3H]thymidine by three- to fivefold. We propose that the proliferation of astroglia in specific brain regions may be regulated by the signaled release of IL-1 from activated microglial cells.

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IL-1β is produced primarily by activated microglia and macrophages.
“IL-1β is another prominent pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced primarily by activated microglia and macrophages (Giulian et al., 1986; Sairanen et al., 1997).”
From Glial response during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination in the CNS: lessons learned (2014) · cites this paper as Giulian et al., 1986
The Results (p. 597) show that stimulated rat microglia release IL-1, and the Discussion (p. 602) identifies ameboid microglia as the major producers of brain IL-1 in vitro. The paper also discusses macrophage IL-1, but it does not identify the measured cytokine specifically as IL-1β or establish that microglia and macrophages are its primary producers generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Intraventricular administration of IL-1β was sufficient to induce lipid peroxidation in adult rats, highlighting the causal relationship between inflammatory signaling and metabolic stress.
“Furthermore, intraventricular administration of IL-1β was sufficient to induce lipid peroxidation in adult rats, highlighting the causal relationship between inflammatory signaling and metabolic stress, the two major characteristics of aging (Giulian et al, 1986).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Giulian et al, 1986

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Authors: Giulian, D., Baker, T. J., Shih, L. C., & Lachman, L. B.
Venue: The Journal of experimental medicine
Publisher: Rockefeller University Press
Published: 1986-08-01
Volume: 164
Issue: 2
Pages: 594-604
ISSN: 0022-1007 (ISSN-L)
1540-9538
DOI: 10.1084/jem.164.2.594
PMC: PMC2188228
OpenAlex: W2159746265
Cited by: 859
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 21.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: cc-by-nc-sa
Locations: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Eye Institute (EY04915)
National Cancer Institute (CA 38043)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS2311301)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords: interleukin-1, ameboid microglia, microglial activation, astrocyte proliferation, neuroinflammation, rat brain
MeSH terms: Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Cell Division, Cell Separation, Interleukin-1, Lymphocyte Activation, Nerve Growth Factors, Phagocytes, T-Lymphocytes, Rats

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Interleukin 1 of the central nervous system is produced by ameboid microglia.

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