Role of Well‐Being Therapy in Achieving a Balanced and Individualized Path to Optimal Functioning
Abstract
A specific psychotherapeutic strategy for increasing psychological well‐being and resilience, well‐being therapy (WBT), based on Ryff's conceptual model, has been developed and tested in a number of randomized controlled trials. The findings indicate that flourishing and resilience can be promoted by specific interventions leading to a positive evaluation of one's self, a sense of continued growth and development, the belief that life is purposeful and meaningful, the possession of quality relations with others, the capacity to manage effectively one's life and a sense of self‐determination. A decreased vulnerability to depression, mood swings and anxiety has been demonstrated after WBT in high‐risk populations. School interventions based on the principles of WBT have been found to yield both promotion of well‐being and decrease of distress compared with control groups. The differential technical characteristics and indications of WBT are described, with a special reference to the promotion of an individualized and balanced path to achieve optimal human functioning, avoiding the polarities in positive psychological dimensions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: A specific psychotherapeutic strategy, well‐being therapy, for modifying the levels of psychological well‐being has been developed and tested. In controlled trials, it has yielded significant benefits in clinical populations, particularly as to vulnerability to affective alterations. Well‐being therapy may help in achieving flexibility and balance in psychological dimensions that underlie optimal human functioning. Best results are achieved when it is applied to the sub‐acute phase of mood and anxiety disorders, in a sequential model. Well‐being therapy may have a preventive role in general populations and particularly in children.
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Well-Being Therapy has been shown to effectively help people suffering from a wide range of psychological disorders to achieve optimal levels of psychological well-being.
“The technique has been shown to effectively help people suffering from a wide range of psychological disorders to achieve optimal levels of psychological well-being (34, 35).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
An increasing number of randomized controlled trials show that purpose in life can be raised.
“An increasing number of randomized controlled trials show that purpose in life can be raised.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
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Suicidal Behavior: The Power of Prospection
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Papst, L., & Köllner, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1039914 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Its relative influence in the model may point to the importance of increasing positive experiences to preserve earning capacity in contrast to decreasing symptom load, a concept advocated by wellbeing therapy (42).”
BackgroundCome into Bloom: A Grounded Theory of Well-Being among Filipino University Students
Cristobal, N. V., & Bance, L. O. (2021) · Philippine social science journal · doi:10.52006/main.v4i4.419 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, there is a need for flexibility and diversification in employing strategies to significantly develop the different dimensions of well-being (Ruini & Fava, 2012).”
BackgroundBassi, M., Mangialavori, S., & Fave, A. D. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112326 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Meaninglessness, Alienation, and Loss of Culture/Identity (MAL) as Determinants of Chronic Disease
Stevens, J., Binns, A., Morgan, B., & Egger, G. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-810401-9.00020-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yotsidi, V. (2020) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.25363 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…therapists review the patient’s progress and clinical state, they stress the importance of adjusting the dimensions of psychological well-being to an individualized optimal balance in line with client’s changing needs (Ruini & Fava, 2012), and they provide guidance how to prevent future relapse.”
BackgroundFreire, T., Teixeira, A., Silva, E., & Matias, G. P. (2015) · doi:10.22201/fesi.20070780.2014.6.2.48554 · Cited by 4
“It uses techniques of self-observation, a structured diary (to report the daily experiences of well-being), and interaction between patient and therapist to increase well-being (Fava & Ruini, 2003; Ruini & Fava, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSgherza, T. R., Becerra, R., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119809 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Individualized and Cross-Cultural Roots of Well-being Therapy
Ruini, C., & Fava, G. (2014) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8669-0_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCaredda, M., Vescera, L., Picardi, A., Tarolla, E., Pancheri, C., Biondi, M., & Tondo, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.223 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Positive Psychology in Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain)
Ruini, C. (2022) · The International Handbook of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57354-6_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreasing Happiness by Well-Being Therapy
Ruini, C., & Fava, G. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411478-4.00008-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationGhimire, U., Yeager, V. A., & Dixon, B. E. (2026) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000002332 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wu, L. C., Segal, Z. V., & Farb, N. A. S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.106 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Masunaga, K., & Sugiura, Y. (2019) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.27.3.5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…に対するウェルビーイングによる緩衝効果に関し て検討を行った。階層的重回帰分析の結果，心理 的ウェルビーイングの下位因子である「人生にお ける目的」および「自己受容」がネガティブなメ タ認知的信念と全般性不安症状の関連を緩衝する Figure 2 The effect of GAD symptoms and depressive symptoms related to negative beliefs about worry moderated by subjective well-being and psychological well-being Ad va nc…”
Frank, R. (2022) · Therapieziel Wohlbefinden · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53471-7_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fensom, R. L. (2020) · doi:10.25777/427t-z066 · Cited by 1
“WBT includes an ultimate goal to lead clients toward a balanced, optimal level of functioning through the dimensions of PWB (Ruini & Fava, 2012).”
BackgroundLife Adversities, Traumatic Events and Positive Reactions
Ruini, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52112-1_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive Interventions and Their Effectiveness with Clinical Populations
Ruini, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52112-1_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWalter, H. (2014) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1633393 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Fava und Kollegen konnten unter anderem zeigen, dass die WBT im Vergleich zu einer herkömmlichen Verhaltenstherapie in der Residualphase affektiver Störungen zu einem verbesserten Outcome führt (41, 42).”
BackgroundBoosting Student Well-Being: A Pilot Study in a High-Needs Upper Secondary School
Fensom, R. L. (2025) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.1177/2156759x251382046
“The ultimate goal of WBT is to lead clients toward a balanced, optimal level of functioning through the dimensions of PWB (Ruini & Fava, 2012).”
Saylor, M. A., Qian, Y., Hladek, M., Blinka, M. D., Szanton, S., Fabius, C., Haley, W., & Roth, D. L. (2024) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648241288986
“Purpose in life can be improved through intervention (Friedman et al., 2017; Ruini & Fava, 2012; van der Spek et al., 2014).”
Qin, Y.-S., Gao, S.-M., Zhang, Y., Shi, L., Huang, C., Bao, W.-N., Peng, C., & Zhang, X. (2023) · International journal of educational studies · doi:10.53935/2641533x.v6i2.257
“…program follows three main axes in turn, drawing on the 24 trait strengths of Peterson, Park, and Seligman (2005), the happiness therapy courses of Ruini and Fava (2012) and Tomba et al. (2010), and the gratitude programs of Otake, Shimai, Tanaka-Matsumi, Otsui, and Fredrickson (2006) and Tseng…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlbieri, E. (2014) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/6405
Sinnlosigkeit, Entfremdung, Kultur- und Identitätsverlust als Determinanten chronischer Erkrankungen
Stevens, J., Binns, A., Morgan, B., Sagner, M., & Egger, G. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23274-9.00020-4
- Authors
- Ruini, C., & Fava, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Fava, Giovanni A.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-05-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 291-304
- ISSN
- 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0879
- OpenAlex
- W1935095901
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 14.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- well-being therapy, psychological well-being, resilience, eudaimonia, optimal functioning, personalized interventions, depression prevention, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, school-based intervention, children, self-determination, meaning in life
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Culture, Depressive Disorder, Goals, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Motivation, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life, Self Concept, Social Environment, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Resilience, Psychological
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