Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology

Garland, Eric L.; Fredrickson, Barbara; Kring, Ann M.; Johnson, David P.; Meyer, Piper S.; Penn, David L.

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002

Cited by 1,035Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology

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Garland, Eric L., Fredrickson, Barbara, Kring, Ann M., Johnson, David P., Meyer, Piper S., Penn, David L.·2010·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002PMC PMC2908186

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Abstract

This review integrates Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions with advances in affective neuroscience regarding plasticity in the neural circuitry of emotions to inform the treatment of emotion deficits within psychopathology. We first present a body of research showing that positive emotions broaden cognition and behavioral repertoires, and in so doing, build durable biopsychosocial resources that support coping and flourishing mental health. Next, by explicating the processes through which momentary experiences of emotions may accrue into self-perpetuating emotional systems, the current review proposes an underlying architecture of state-trait interactions that engenders lasting affective dispositions. This theoretical framework is then used to elucidate the cognitive-emotional mechanisms underpinning three disorders of affect regulation: depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. In turn, two mind training interventions, mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation, are highlighted as means of generating positive emotions that may counter the negative affective processes implicated in these disorders. We conclude with the proposition that positive emotions may exert a countervailing force on the dysphoric, fearful, or anhedonic states characteristic of psychopathologies typified by emotional dysfunctions.

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Repeated experiences of positive affect lead to changes in brain areas known to be associated with psychological well-being.
“Additional research suggests that repeated experiences of positive affect lead to changes in brain areas known to be associated with psychological well-being (see Garland et al. 2010 on this issue).”
From The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al. 2010
In “State-Trait Interactions Drive Affective Plasticity” (page not provided), the paper reports lasting brain-function changes after meditation and suggests that positively valenced states may alter brain areas involved in emotion regulation. It also says there are no direct findings of positive-emotion-induced changes in human brain structure and calls the proposed effects of repeated positive emotions speculative. The claim therefore overstates how firmly the paper links repeated positive affect itself to brain changes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The person thus remains mentally stale which may contribute to burnout.
“The person thus remains mentally stale which may contribute to burnout (Garland et al. 2010).”
From The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al. 2010
The 'Emotional Systems as Spirals' section describes narrowed thinking, rumination and withdrawal that can become self-perpetuating, which supports the idea of remaining mentally stale. The paper does not connect that state to burnout; a search for burnout found no such passage in our copy. The indexed passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The broaden-and-build theoretical model suggests that fostering mindfulness encourages an upward spiral of positive emotions because mindfulness as a personal resource can augment positive reappraisal.
“The broaden-and-build theoretical model suggests that fostering mindfulness encourages an upward spiral of positive emotions because mindfulness as a personal resource can augment positive reappraisal [29].”
From Effects of Mindfulness and Life-Skills Training on Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Migrant Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
Positive cognitive-emotional states interact to produce durable improvements in psychological well-being.
“The attentional and cognitive capacities examined in the present study were found to support greater increases in positive affect over the course of a year–providing support for the notion that positive cognitive-emotional states interact to produce durable improvements psychological well-being [76].”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [76]
Loving-kindness practice may build positive emotions that offset negative ones.
“In addition, loving-kindness exercises can foster positive emotion development that may counteract the impact of negative emotions (Garland et al., 2010).”
From Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions (2015) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2010

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“In line with Fredrickson and colleagues (Garland et al. 2010), it is hypothesized that sustained positive affective states create a positive upward spiral where attentional broadening, positive reappraisal of events, and increased thought repertoire all contribute to each other thereby promoting…”
BackgroundInfluential
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The effect of mindfulness training on burnout syndrome in nursing: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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“…Zeller & Levin, 2013) and to respond positively when faced by stressful events, through the exercise of individual and interpersonal skills and psychological self-regulation (Burton, Burgess, Dean, Koutsopoulou, & Hugh-Jones, 2017; Garland et al., 2010; Marthiensen, Sedgwick, & Crowder, 2019).”
Background
Future directions for positive body image research
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Mindfulness training promotes upward spirals of positive affect and cognition: multilevel and autoregressive latent trajectory modeling analyses
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State Mindfulness During Meditation Predicts Enhanced Cognitive Reappraisal
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Hope and emotional well-being: A six-year study to distinguish antecedents, correlates, and consequences
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A Cognitive Model of Psychological Resilience
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Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data
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Mind-Body Interventions to Reduce Risk for Health Disparities Related to Stress and Strength Among African American Women: The Potential of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Loving-Kindness, and the NTU Therapeutic Framework
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Increased gray matter volume in the right angular and posterior parahippocampal gyri in loving-kindness meditators
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Contextual Positive Psychology: Policy Recommendations for Implementing Positive Psychology into Schools
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Neurophysiological evidence for remediation of reward processing deficits in chronic pain and opioid misuse following treatment with Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement: exploratory ERP findings from a pilot RCT
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9607-0 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
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Neurocognitive correlates of the effects of yoga meditation practice on emotion and cognition: a pilot study
Froeliger, B., Garland, E. L., Modlin, L. A., & McClernon, F. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00048 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
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Positive affect treatment targets reward sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial.
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Echiverri-Cohen, A. M., Rosenfield, D., & Ritz, T. (2023) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000805 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Positive psychological states in the arc from mindfulness to self-transcendence: Extensions of the mindfulness-to-meaning theory and applications to addiction and chronic pain treatment
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Network destabilization and transition in depression: New methods for studying the dynamics of therapeutic change
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Yoga Meditation Practitioners Exhibit Greater Gray Matter Volume and Fewer Reported Cognitive Failures: Results of a Preliminary Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis
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A Pilot Evaluation of a Mindful Self-care and Resiliency (MSCR) Intervention for Nurses
Craigie, M., Slatyer, S., Hegney, D., Osseiran-Moisson, R., Gentry, E., Davis, S., Dolan, T., & Rees, C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0516-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Associations Between Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: the Key Role of Describing and Nonreactivity
Iani, L., Lauriola, M., Chiesa, A., & Cafaro, V. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0981-5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Where Do I Go from Here? Sensemaking and the Construction of Growth-Based Stories in the Wake of Denied Promotions
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Authors: Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Garland, Eric L.
ORCID: Garland, Eric L.
Fredrickson, Barbara
Kring, Ann M.
Johnson, David P.
Penn, David L.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 30
Issue: 7
Pages: 849-864
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002
PMC: PMC2908186
OpenAlex: W2135446093
Cited by: 1,035
References: 245
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 3.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Funders: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT003378)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: positive emotions, broaden-and-build theory, emotion regulation, affective neuroscience, neuroplasticity, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, mindfulness, loving-kindness meditation, affective dispositions, coping
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Brain, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Nerve Net

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Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology

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