Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and early maladaptive schemas
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of the current study is to present the early maladaptive schemas in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study sample comprised 107 participants, including 55 adult ADHD and 52 healthy volunteers. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 32 years. Structured Clinical Interview Form for DSM-IV Axis I (SCID-I) and Structured Clinical Interview Form for DSM-III-R Disorders (SCID-II) were applied to all participants and Diagnostic Interview for ADHD (DIVA) for ADHD group based on DSM-5 criteria. The participants filled the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah RatingScale-25 (WURS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). All maladaptive schemas were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group. As compatible with ADHD core symptoms, "Failure," "Emotional Inhibition," "Insufficient Self-Control" and "Social Isolation" were the most seen maladaptive schemas in the ADHD group. "Approval Seeking," "Entitlement/Grandiosity" and "Punitiveness" were found the weakest schemas in the ADHD group. This study besides supporting the theory of early maladaptive schemas suggests that identifying and modifying maladaptive schemas interventions based on specific schemas can be an important and useful method for psychotherapy in treatment of ADHD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Regular feedback loops between coach and client reinforce accountability, enhance executive functioning, and sustain behavioral change.
“Regular feedback loops between coach and client reinforce accountability, enhance executive functioning, and sustain behavioral change [170].”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [170]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · see citing works
KESSLER, R. C., ADLER, L., AMES, M., DEMLER, O., FARAONE, S., HIRIPI, E., HOWES, M. J., JIN, R., SECNIK, K., SPENCER, T., et al. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002892 · Cited by 3,452 · see citing works
The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review
Willcutt, E. G. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8 · Cited by 2,160 · see citing works
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.6.885 · Cited by 1,421 · see citing works
Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Frontiers of cognitive therapy
Thase, M. E. (1997) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(97)00044-3 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1792 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Part I: Description
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1995.9.2.83 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms
Safren, S. A., Otto, M. W., Sprich, S., Winett, C. L., Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.001 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies
Dobson, K. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-1760 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
de Boo, G. M., & Prins, P. J. M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.006 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Diagnosis and evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Adler, L., & Cohen, J. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2003.12.003 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities
(2012) · Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities · doi:10.1108/s0735-004x(2012)0000025018 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults.
Weiss, M. D., & Murray, C. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Experienced emotion and affect recognition in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Rapport, L. J., Friedman, S. R., Tzelepis, A., & Voorhis, A. V. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.16.1.102 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Hisli, N. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Early Maladaptive Schemas and Social Phobia
Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Galhardo, A. B., & Cunha, M. I. V. A. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9027-8 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form; Version 3
Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (2005) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t67023-000 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD: what is the empirical evidence?
Retz, W., Stieglitz, R., Corbisiero, S., Retz-Junginger, P., & Rösler, M. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.109 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Experienced emotion and affect recognition in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Rapport, L. J., Friedman, S. L., Tzelepis, A., et al. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.1.102 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Küpper, T., Haavik, J., Drexler, H., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Wermelskirchen, D., Prutz, C., & Schauble, B. (2012) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-012-0794-0 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Thapar, A., Langley, K., Asherson, P. J., & Gill, M. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027003 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., & Çakır, Z. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Mastering Your Adult ADHD: A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Program Therapist Guide
Safren, S. A. (2005) · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD: Targeting Executive Dysfunction
Mitchell, J. T. (2012) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acs091 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Öncü, B., Ölmez, S. N., & Sentürk, V. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 116 · see citing works
NICE guideline: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Figure 1
Atkinson, M., & Hollis, C. (2010) · Archives of disease in childhood - Education & practice edition · doi:10.1136/adc.2009.175943 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Corbisiero, S., Mörstedt, B., Bitto, H., & Stieglitz, R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22317 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA)
Kooij, J. J. S., & Francken, M. H. (2010) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Therapy-relevant factors in adult ADHD from a cognitive behavioural perspective
Newark, P. E., & Stieglitz, R. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0023-1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
CBT for adult ADHD: adaptations and hypothesized mechanisms of change
Ramsay, J. R. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.24.1.37 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Early maladaptive schemas in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Philipsen, A., Lam, A. P., Breit, S., Lücke, C., Müller, H., & Matthies, S. (2016) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0211-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Early maladaptive schemas in depression and somatization disorder
Davoodi, E., Wen, A., Dobson, K. S., Noorbala, A. A., Mohammadi, A., & Farahmand, Z. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.017 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A Cognitive Therapy Approach for Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Ramsay, R. J., & Rostain, A. L. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.17.4.319.52537 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Well-Being
Miklósi, M., Máté, O., Somogyi, K., & Szabó, M. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000472 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
O'Malley, G., McHugh, L., Giollabhui, N. M., & Bramham, J. (2016) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tandetnik, C., Hergueta, T., Bonnet, P., Dubois, B., & Bungener, C. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217001119 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and alexithymia: a pilot study
Donfrancesco, R., Trani, M. D., Gregori, P., Auguanno, G., Melegari, M. G., Zaninotto, S., & Luby, J. L. (2013) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-013-0115-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kim, D. H., & Yoo, I. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04343.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Borges, J. L., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2020) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232020258.24992018 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kıraz, S., Sertçelik, S., & Taycan, S. E. (2020) · Turkish Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5080/u23775 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMotor Activity in Adult Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Fasmer, O. B., Mjeldheim, K., Førland, W., Hansen, A. L., Dilsaver, S. C., Oedegaard, K. J., & Berle, J. Ø. (2015) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2015.12.4.474 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Doğan, S., Öncü, B., Saraçoğlu, V. G., & Küçükgöncü, S. (2009) · Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry · Cited by 22 · see citing works
[ADHD in adult psychiatric outpatients: prevalence and comorbidity].
Duran, Ş., Fıstikçı, N., Keyvan, A., Bilici, M., & Çalışkan, M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yan, Y., Wang, J., Yu, W., He, L., & Oei, T. P. S. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2018.15.1.41 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kooij, J. J. S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4138-9_3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Prevalence and co morbidity of adult ADHD in psychiatric outpatient admissions
Duran, Ş., Fıstikçı, N., Keyvan, A., Bilici, M., & Çalışkan, M. (2014) · Turkish Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5080/u7255 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes in clinical disorders: A systematic review
Bär, A., Bär, H. E., Rijkeboer, M. M., & Lobbestael, J. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12465 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A transdiagnostic approach to neurodiversity in a representative population sample: The N+ 4 model
Apperly, I. A., Lee, R., van der Kleij, S. W., & Devine, R. T. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12219 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“This approach is in accord with claims that the experience of neurodivergence in a majority ‐ neurotypical world can have negative consequences for mental health and wellbeing (Alexander ‐ Passe, 2015; Cage et al., 2018; Cage & Troxell ‐ Whit-man, 2019; Dwyer, 2022; Gallant & Good, 2023; Kiraz & Sertçe-lik, 2021; Mant…”
BackgroundSeery, C., Leonard-Curtin, A., Naismith, L., King, N., Kilbride, K., Wrigley, M., Boyd, C., McHugh, L., & Bramham, J. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.08.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Spicer, L., DeCicco, E. E., Clarke, A., Ambrosius, R., & Yalcin, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1436053 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives
Bogdańska-Chomczyk, E., Majewski, M. K., & Kozłowska, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211020 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Regular feedback loops between coach and client reinforce accountability, enhance executive functioning, and sustain behavioral change [170].”
Pan, M., Zhang, S.-Y., Chen, C.-L., Qiu, S., Liu, L., Li, H., Zhao, M., Dong, M., Si, F., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200522 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Bidirectional relationships between emotion regulation strategies and mental health symptoms have been found (28), suggesting that maladaptive cognitions may be associated with emotional symptoms (29), and lead to daily life impairment and poor social interactions (30) in ADHD adults.”
BackgroundMiklósi, M., Vajsz, K., Oláh, S., Nagy, V., & Szabó, B. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06156-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Are Perceived Executive Functions Beneficial for Adolescents Who Experience Peer Victimization?
Morea, A., & Calvete, E. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-10005-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In other studies with adults, schemas of the disconnection/rejection domain were related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (Kiraz & Sertçelik, 2021; Philipsen et al., 2017), which is strongly associated with perceived deficits in executive functions (Krieger & Amador-Campos,…”
BackgroundKhosravi, M. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70206 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kıraz, S., Çipil, A., & Ergün, N. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00226-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This disease often causes impairment in social and interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, and academic functionality [4].”
BackgroundADHD and the Early Career Teaching Librarian
Swick-Jemison, J. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v9.40953 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Early maladaptive schemas in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Şireli, Ö., Colak, M., Demirci, T. H., Savascihabes, A. E., & Cinar, H. O. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1455897 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Karaca, B. K., Küçükseymen, Z. C. A., Aytaç, M., & Karaosmanoğlu, H. A. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00141-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Insufficient Self-Control schema based on impulsivity, intolerance to boredom, and difficulty in self-limitation also indicated significant correlation with hyperactivity/inattention problems parallel to the literature (Kiraz & Sertçelik, 2021; 23456789)1 Philipsen et al., 2017).”
MethodIngibergsdóttir, S., Larusdottir, M. K., Kaas, M. J., & Svavarsdóttir, E. K. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00134-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This can lead to maladaptive (negative) thoughts and beliefs that increase the likelihood of other mental health issues, such as anxiety, depression, anger issues, and dysfunctional coping strategies [4–8].”
Neurodiversity-Affirming EMDR Therapy with Autism and ADHD
Clarke, A., & Darker-Smith, S. M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898357.013.59 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Schema Model of Borderline Personality Disorder
Salavati, M., & Selby, E. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75503-3_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
عمران, ف. م. ع. (2023) · المجلة التربوية لکلية التربية بسوهاج · doi:10.21608/edusohag.2023.296526
M’Baïlara, K., Munuera, C., Weil, F., Passerieux, C., & Roux, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1476345 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hoskins, J. I., Gooch, D., & Gilligan-Lee, K. A. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547261459712
Early maladaptive schemas and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review
Cook, M., & Allen, A. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2026.2713449
- Authors
- Kiraz, S., & Sertçelik, S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychiatry Hitit University Erol Olçok Training and Research Hospital Çorum Turkey
- Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (TR)
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-02-24
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1055-1064
- ISSN
- 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0879
- OpenAlex
- W3131376450
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hitit University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, early maladaptive schemas, schema therapy, emotional inhibition, social isolation, approval seeking, entitlement, punitiveness, depression, anxiety, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Emotions, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
