Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes in clinical disorders: A systematic review
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Purpose: Although schema therapy has been predominantly applied to treat personality disorders, interest into its application in other clinical disorders is growing. Central to schema therapy are Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) and Schema Modes. Since existing EMS and Schema Modes were primarily developed in the context of personality disorders, their relevance for clinical disorders is unclear. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the presence of EMS and Schema Modes in clinical disorders according to DSM criteria. Per disorder, we evaluated which EMS and Schema Modes were more pronounced in comparison with clinical as well as non‐clinical control groups and which EMS and Schema Modes were most highly endorsed within the disorder. Results: Although evidence concerning EMS was scarce for several disorders, and only few studies on Schema Modes survived inclusion criteria, we identified meaningful relationships and patterns for EMS and Schema Modes in various clinical disorders. Conclusions: The present review highlights the relevance of EMS and Schema Modes for clinical disorders beyond personality disorders. Depending on the theme of the representation, EMS act as vulnerabilities both across diagnoses and for specific disorders. Thus, EMS and resulting Schema Modes are potential, valuable targets for the prevention and treatment of clinical disorders.
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Because underlying schema structures are recognized as contributing to psychological suffering, many therapeutic approaches target them to foster long-term change.
“Because these underlying structures are recognized as contributing to psychological suffering, many therapeutic approaches target them to foster long-term change [10-13].”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Background describes early maladaptive schemas as stable beliefs and discusses schema therapy for a range of clinical disorders. General clinical implications says treating underlying vulnerabilities may be advisable when patients do not benefit from first-line treatments or relapse. The paper does not establish that many therapeutic approaches target schemas specifically to foster long-term change. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Sorted by citations
Measuring Early Maladaptive Schemas in Daily Life
Baxendell, R. S., Schmitter, M., Spijker, J., Keijsers, G. P. J., Tendolkar, I., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10574-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Bär, A., Bär, H. E., Rijkeboer, M. M., & Lobbestael, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bär, Andreas
- Venue
- Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-04-07
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 716-747
- ISSN
- 1476-0835 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8341
- OpenAlex
- W4362692268
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- early maladaptive schemas, schema modes, schema therapy, personality disorders, clinical disorders, vulnerability factors
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Personality Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires
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