Suicidal imagery in a previously depressed community sample.
Open accessAbstract
Abstract This study sought to replicate previous findings of vivid suicide‐related imagery in previously suicidal patients in a community sample of adults with a history of depression. Twenty‐seven participants were interviewed regarding suicidal imagery. Seventeen participants reported prior suicidal ideation or behaviour in the clinical assessment, and the vast majority of these also reported experiencing suicide‐related imagery when at their most depressed and despairing, in many cases in the form of flash‐forwards to imagined future suicidal acts. Interestingly, five of the 10 participants who did not report suicidal ideation or behaviour in the clinical interview also described prominent imagery related to themes of death and suicide, but in several cases, these images were associated with meanings that seemed to act to reduce the likelihood of subsequent suicidal acts. Severity of prior suicidality was associated with lower levels of imagery‐related distress and higher levels of imagery‐related comfort. These findings support the idea that suicide‐related imagery is an important component in the phenomenology of depression and despair and hint at potentially important differences in the meaning associated with such imagery between those individuals who report experiencing suicidal ideation or behaviour when depressed and those who do not. The findings are consistent with Joiner's model of acquired capability for suicide through habituation to pain and fear of suicide and suggest that it may be useful to tackle such imagery directly in the treatment of suicidal patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Messages: • Individuals who experience depression often report vivid suicide‐related imagery. • Those with more severe suicidality report experiencing greater comfort and less distress associated with suicidal imagery at times of crisis. • Therapy for individuals with depression would benefit from directly addressing suicide‐related imagery.
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Mental imagery plays a role in suicide, particularly during suicidal crises, since it is essential for planning, goal setting, and choosing between options, and enables individuals to rehearse events in their minds.
“Mental imagery plays a role in suicide, particularly during suicidal crises, since it is essential for planning, goal setting, and choosing between options, and enables individuals to rehearse events in their minds (Schacter et al., 2008; Crane et al., 2012).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Crane et al., 2012
The Introduction (page unavailable) says suicidal imagery occurs at times of crisis and describes mental rehearsal as a possible way to identify barriers and cues to action. The Results section on the content of suicidal imagery (page unavailable) also reports images of planning or preparing for a future suicide attempt. The paper does not establish that imagery is essential for goal setting or choosing between options; it presents its proposed effect on suicidal behaviour as conditional. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome individuals allow themselves to experience reminders of goals that would be negatively impacted upon by their death from suicide.
“In contrast, some individuals allow themselves to experience reminders of goals that would be negatively impacted upon by their death from suicide (Hales et al., 2011; Crane et al., 2012).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Crane et al., 2012
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that some participants experienced suicide-related imagery that discouraged suicidal behaviour, including thoughts about others’ suffering after a suicide. The Results section on preventative images (page unavailable) gives an example involving family and friends. These passages support the idea of reminders of adverse consequences, but they do not characterize those reminders as goals that the person’s death would negatively affect. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Crane, C., Shah, D., Barnhofer, T., & Holmes, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Crane, Catherine
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-21
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-69
- ISSN
- 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0879
- PMC
- PMC4615615
- OpenAlex
- W2157150413
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (088217)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- depression, suicidal ideation, despair, acquired capability for suicide, community sample, suicide prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Death, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Imagination, Interview, Psychological, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Suicidal Ideation
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