Cognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: imagining suicide
Open accessAbstract
Hales SA, Deeprose C, Goodwin GM, Holmes EA. Cognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: imagining suicide. Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 651–661. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: Bipolar disorder has the highest rate of suicide of all the psychiatric disorders. In unipolar depression, individuals report vivid, affect‐laden images of suicide or the aftermath of death (flashforwards to suicide) during suicidal ideation but this phenomenon has not been explored in bipolar disorder. Therefore the authors investigated and compared imagery and verbal thoughts related to past suicidality in individuals with bipolar disorder (n = 20) and unipolar depression (n = 20). Methods: The study used a quasi‐experimental comparative design. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV was used to confirm diagnoses. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered through questionnaire measures (e.g., mood and trait imagery use). Individual interviews assessed suicidal cognitions in the form of (i) mental images and (ii) verbal thoughts. Results: All participants reported imagining flashforwards to suicide. Both groups reported greater preoccupation with these suicide‐related images than with verbal thoughts about suicide. However, compared to the unipolar group, the bipolar group were significantly more preoccupied with flashforward imagery, rated this imagery as more compelling, and were more than twice as likely to report that the images made them want to take action to complete suicide. In addition, the bipolar group reported a greater trait propensity to use mental imagery in general. Conclusions: Suicidal ideation needs to be better characterized, and mental imagery of suicide has been a neglected but potentially critical feature of suicidal ideation, particularly in bipolar disorder. Our findings suggest that flashforward imagery warrants further investigation for formal universal clinical assessment procedures.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This does not account for the role of imagery in cases when it deters individuals from engaging in self-harm or attempting suicide.
“However, this does not account for the role of imagery in cases when it deters individuals from engaging in self-harm or attempting suicide (Hales et al., 2011; McEvoy et al., 2017).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Hales et al., 2011
The Discussion (page unavailable) says suicidal imagery can evoke fear as well as comfort and may reflect ambivalence about suicide. It does not say that imagery deters self-harm or suicide attempts, so the claimed behavioral effect is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome individuals allow themselves to experience reminders of goals that would be negatively impacted upon by their death from suicide.
“In contrast, some individuals allow themselves to experience reminders of goals that would be negatively impacted upon by their death from suicide (Hales et al., 2011; Crane et al., 2012).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Hales et al., 2011
In “Suicidal images: flashforwards” (page unavailable), a participant imagined her children crying and said she could not act on suicide because of its effect on her family. This supports the idea that some people experience reminders of what their death would harm, but the paper does not establish that they deliberately allow those reminders or describe them as reminders of goals. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMental imagery of suicide increases the likelihood of enactment as it acts as a form of cognitive rehearsal for the behaviour.
“We hypothesize that mental imagery increases the likelihood of enactment as it acts as a form of cognitive rehearsal for the behaviour”
From The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
Individuals who are in crisis can experience imagery related to suicide, such as images of desired outcomes or unwanted consequences.
“In addition, individuals who are in crisis can experience imagery related to suicide, such as images of desired outcomes or unwanted consequences (Hales et al., 2011).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Hales et al., 2011
Both ideators and attempters experience suicide imagery, and imagery deters some individuals from engaging in self-harm and attempting suicide.
“The role of these images may be complex in suicide, since both ideators and attempters experience suicide imagery, and imagery deters some individuals from engaging in self-harm and attempting suicide (Hales et al., 2011; McEvoy et al., 2017).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Hales et al., 2011
Suicidal individuals can experience "flash-forward" images of their potential suicide, containing images of methods and potential desired and undesired consequences, such as family members' reactions.
“Suicidal individuals can experience “flash-forward” images of their potential suicide, containing images of methods and potential desired and undesired consequences, such as family members’ reactions (Hales et al., 2011).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Hales et al., 2011
This in turn may influence whether individuals attempt suicide.
“This in turn may influence whether individuals attempt suicide (Holmes et al., 2007b; Hales et al., 2011).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Hales et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
American Psychiatric Association (2000) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 · Cited by 11,069 · see citing works
(1993) · Cited by 7,136 · see citing works
Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology
West, T., Reis, H. T., Judd, C. M., Banaji, M. R., Crandall, C., Giner-Sorolla, R., Biernat, M., Fiedler, K., Ermark, F., Tepper, S. J., et al. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170123 · Cited by 2,133 · see citing works
Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018113 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale
Altman, E. G., Hedeker, D., Peterson, J. L., & Davis, J. M. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00548-3 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
From Thought to Action: Effects of Process-Versus Outcome-Based Mental Simulations on Performance
Pham, L. B., & Taylor, S. E. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025002010 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Mental Imagery and Emotion: A Special Relationship?
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.489 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicide and Attempted Suicide in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors
Hawton, K., Sutton, L., Haw, C., Sinclair, J., & Harriss, L. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0604 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Designing and conducting survey research
Rea, L. M., Names, Parker, R., & Allen, R. (2016) · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Depression Care in the United States: Too Little for Too Few
González, H. M., Vega, W. A., Williams, D. R., Tarraf, W., West, B. T., & Neighbors, H. W. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.168 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Content analysis and narrative analysis.
Smith, C. P. (2000) · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Reisberg, D., Pearson, D., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.858 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Remembering the past and imagining the future in schizophrenia.
D’Argembeau, A., Raffard, S., & der Linden, M. V. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.247 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder
Scott, J. L., Stanton, B. R., Garland, A., & Ferrier, I. N. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008879 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Imagery about suicide in depression–“Flash-forwards”?
Holmes, E. A., Crane, C., Fennell, M. J. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.004 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationMental imagery as an emotional amplifier: Application to bipolar disorder
Holmes, E. A., Geddes, J. R., Colom, F., & Goodwin, G. M. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.005 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Unquiet Mind, a Memoir of Moods and Madness
Jamison, K. R. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Libby, L. K., Shaeffer, E. M., Eibach, R. P., & Slemmer, J. A. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01872.x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Increased trait‐like impulsivity and course of illness in bipolar disorder
Swann, A. C., Lijffijt, M., Lane, S. D., Steinberg, J. L., & Moeller, F. G. (2009) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00678.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Mansell, W., Morrison, A. P., Reid, G., Lowens, I., & Tai, S. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465807003827 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Pronunciation of irregular words is preserved in dementia, validating premorbid IQ estimation
McGurn, B., Starr, J. M., Topfer, J. A., Pattie, A., Whiteman, M. C., Lemmon, H. A., Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000103169.80910.8b · Cited by 184 · see citing works
An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness
Ogilvie, A. D. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7039.1172 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
ECNP consensus meeting. Bipolar depression. Nice, March 2007
Goodwin, G. M., Anderson, I. M., Arango, C., Bowden, C. L., Henry, C., Mitchell, P. B., Nolen, W. A., Vieta, E., & Wïttchen, H. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.03.003 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationMacLEOD, A. K., PANKHANIA, B., LEE, M., & MITCHELL, D. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329179600459x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Gruber, J., Harvey, A. G., & Johnson, S. L. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.05.005 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Suicidal imagery in a previously depressed community sample.
Crane, C., Shah, D., Barnhofer, T., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.741 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationMansell, W., & Lam, D. H. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000052 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
An Exploration of Prospective Imagery: The Impact of Future Events Scale
Deeprose, C., & Holmes, E. A. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809990671 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationSelby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2007) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445507300874 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Intrusive memories and images in bipolar disorder
Gregory, J. D., Brewin, C. R., Mansell, W., & Donaldson, C. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory specificity, depression, and trauma in bipolar disorder
Mowlds, W., Shannon, C., McCusker, C. G., Meenagh, C., Robinson, D., Wilson, A. A., & Mulholland, C. C. (2009) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466509x454868 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Deeprose, C., Malik, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.187 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationTzemou, E., & Birchwood, M. J. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706009470 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Brown, R. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Harris, J. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1114 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scale for Suicide Ideation: Psychometric properties of a self-report version
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198807)44:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [17]First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JBW Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders – Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0) 1996 New York Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour
O'Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0268 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Goodwin, G., Haddad, P. M., Ferrier, I. N., Aronson, J., Barnes, T., Cipriani, A., Coghill, D., Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., Grunze, H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116636545 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Imagery: Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.003 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Self-citationThe human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery
Pearson, J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0202-9 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Mental Imagery in Depression: Phenomenology, Potential Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications
Holmes, E. A., Blackwell, S. E., Burnett Heyes, S., Renner, F., & Raes, F. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-092925 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing vividness of mental imagery: The Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire
Andrade, J., May, J., Deeprose, C., Baugh, S., & Ganis, G. (2013) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12050 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationPearson, D., Deeprose, C., Wallace-Hadrill, S. M. A., Heyes, S. B., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationRoepke, A. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12087 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Liang, M.-J., Zhou, Q., Yang, K.-R., Yang, X.-L., Fang, J., Chen, W.-L., & Huang, Z. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079999 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Mental imagery in psychiatry: conceptual & clinical implications
Ji, J. L., Kavanagh, D. J., Holmes, E. A., MacLeod, C., & Simplicio, M. C. D. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918001487 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationExamining the role of psychological factors in the relationship between sleep problems and suicide
Littlewood, D. L., Kyle, S. D., Pratt, D., Peters, S., & Gooding, P. A. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.009 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Visser, R. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Henson, R. N., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0209 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional cascade theory and non-suicidal self-injury: the importance of imagery and positive affect
Hasking, P. A., Simplicio, M. C. D., McEvoy, P. M., & Rees, C. S. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1368456 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Stress-based animal models of depression: Do we actually know what we are doing?
Yin, X., Gueven, N., & Dietis, N. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.027 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mental imagery, emotion and psychopathology across child and adolescent development
Burnett Heyes, S., Lau, J. Y. F., & Holmes, E. A. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.02.004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationNg, R., Simplicio, M. C. D., McManus, F. V., Kennerley, H., & Holmes, E. A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.018 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationAn investigation of mental imagery in bipolar disorder: Exploring “the mind's eye”
Simplicio, M. C. D., Renner, F., Blackwell, S. E., Mitchell, H., Stratford, H. J., Watson, P., Myers, N., Nobre, A. C., Lau‐Zhu, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2016) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12453 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological therapy for anxiety in bipolar spectrum disorders: A systematic review
Stratford, H. J., Cooper, M. J., Di Simplicio, M., Blackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.11.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationMental imagery of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Lawrence, H. R., Balkind, E. G., Ji, J. L., Burke, T. A., & Liu, R. T. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102302 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ivins, A., Simplicio, M. C. D., Close, H. J., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationSimplicio, M. C. D., Appiah‐Kusi, E., Wilkinson, P. O., Watson, P., Meiser‐Stedman, C., Kavanagh, D. J., & Holmes, E. A. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12620 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationSheaves, B., Holmes, E. A., Rek, S. V., Taylor, K. M., Nickless, A., Waite, F., Germain, A., Espie, C. A., Harrison, P. J., Foster, F., et al. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719847422 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationBlackwell, S. E. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-021-00102-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Beyond words: Sensory properties of depressive thoughts
Moritz, S., Hörmann, C. C., Schröder, J., Berger, T., Jacob, G. A., Meyer, B., Holmes, E. A., Späth, C., Hautzinger, M., Lutz, W., et al. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.868342 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationComfort from suicidal cognition in recurrently depressed patients
Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Duggan, D. S., Eames, C., Hepburn, S. R., Shah, D. M., & Williams, J. M. G. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Schwarz, S. M., Grasmann, D., Schreiber, F., & Stangier, U. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00092-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cole, S. N., Smith, D. M., Ragan, K., Suurmond, R., & Armitage, C. J. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01880-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pile, V., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.032 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Visual mental imagery and symptoms of depression – results from a large-scale web-based study
Weßlau, C., Cloos, M., Höfling, V., & Steil, R. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0689-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Görgen, S. M., Hiller, W., & Witthöft, M. (2015) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000135 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Deeprose, C., Malik, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.187 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationNightmares and suicide: predicting risk in depression.
Marinova, P., Koychev, I. G., Laleva, L. N., Kancheva, L., Tsvetkov, M., Bilyukov, R., Vandeva, D., Felthouse, A. R., & Koychev, G. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Using photo-elicitation to understand reasons for repeated self-harm: a qualitative study
Edmondson, A., Brennan, C. A., & House, A. O. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1681-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Involuntary Cognitions in Everyday Life: Exploration of Type, Quality, Content, and Function
Krans, J., de Bree, J., & Moulds, M. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
O’Donnell, C., Simplicio, M. C. D., Brown, R. E., Holmes, E. A., & Heyes, S. B. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.08.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationThoughts, images, and appraisals associated with acting and not acting on the urge to self-injure.
McEvoy, P. M., Hayes, S., Hasking, P. A., & Rees, C. S. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with suicide risk in psychiatrically hospitalized children
Becker, S. P., Withrow, A. R., Stoppelbein, L., Luebbe, A. M., Fite, P. J., & Greening, L. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12580 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Predictors of psychological improvement on non-professional suicide message boards: content analysis
Niederkrotenthaler, T., Gould, M. S., Sonneck, G., Stack, S. J., & Till, B. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171600221x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hales, S. A., Simplicio, M. C. D., Iyadurai, L., Blackwell, S. E., Young, K., Fairburn, C. G., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000334 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationWärdig, R. E., Hultsjö, S., Lind, M., & Klavebäck, I. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2022.2089789 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
van den Berg, K. C., Hendrickson, A. T., Hales, S. A., Voncken, M. J., & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.160 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationRevealing the Mind’s Eye: Bringing (Mental) Images Into Psychiatry
Simplicio, M. C. D., McInerney, J., Goodwin, G. M., Attenburrow, M.-J., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12040499 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicidal Imagery in Borderline Personality Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder
Schultebraucks, K., Duesenberg, M., Simplicio, M. C. D., Holmes, E. A., & Roepke, S. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_406 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationDavies, C., Malik, A., Pictet, A., Blackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1800 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationMalik, A., Goodwin, G. M., Hoppitt, L., & Holmes, E. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614527433 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness
Macintyre, V. G., Mansell, W., Pratt, D., & Tai, S. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588683 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Suicidal Mental Imagery: Investigating a Novel Marker of Suicide Risk
Lawrence, H. R., Nesi, J. L., & Schwartz‐Mette, R. A. (2021) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968211001593 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Blackwell, S. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108580298.016 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Taylor, N. J., Mitchell, S. M., Roush, J. F., Brown, S. L., Jahn, D. R., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.025 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Treatment of Intrusive Suicidal Imagery Using Eye Movements
van Bentum, J. S., Sijbrandij, M., Huibers, M. J. H., Huisman, A., Arntz, A. R., Holmes, E. A., & Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14070714 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationAl-Dajani, N., & Uliaszek, A. A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114027 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Suicidal Mental Imagery in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents
Lawrence, H. R., Nesi, J. L., Burke, T. A., Liu, R. T., Spirito, A., Hunt, J., & Wolff, J. C. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00750-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Visual and Verbal Depressive Cognition: Implications for the Rumination–Depression Relationship
Lawrence, H. R., Haigh, E. A. P., Siegle, G. J., & Schwartz‐Mette, R. A. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9890-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Suicidal imagery, history of suicidality, and acquired capability in young adults
Holaday, T. C., & Brausch, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-10-2014-0146 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ng, R. M.-K., Heyes, S. B., McManus, F. V., Kennerley, H., & Holmes, E. A. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764015597951 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCloos, M., Simplicio, M. C. D., Hammerle, F., & Steil, R. (2020) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0117-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ozsivadjian, A., Hollocks, M. J., Southcott, J., Absoud, M., & Holmes, E. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2840-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Bentum, J. S., Sijbrandij, M., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Huisman, A., Arntz, A. R., Holmes, E. A., Franx, G. C., Mokkenstorm, J. K., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2129-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationImagery-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment
Hales, S. A., Blackwell, S. E., Simplicio, M. C. D., Iyadurai, L., Young, K., & Holmes, E. A. (2015) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationInvoluntary Autobiographical Memory and Future Thought Predicting Hallucination Proneness
Allé, M. C., Berna, F. S., & Berntsen, D. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618785618 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chu, C., Rogers, M. L., Gai, A. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-10-2016-0255 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Petit, F., Munuera, C., Husky, M. M., & M’Baïlara, K. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.03.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Boulanger, M., Lejeune, A., & Blairy, S. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.029 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ji, J. L., Kyron, M. J., Saulsman, L. M., Becerra, R., Lin, A. P., Hasking, P. A., & Holmes, E. A. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13081 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSimplicio, M. C. D., Lau‐Zhu, A., Meluken, I., Taylor, P., Kessing, L. V., Vinberg, M., Holmes, E. A., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00801 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationvan den Berg, K. C., Voncken, M. J., Hendrickson, A. T., Houterman, S., & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.098 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
de Rozario, M. R., van Velzen, L. S., Davies, P., Rice, S., Davey, C. G., Robinson, J., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Allott, K., McKechnie, B., Felmingham, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100114 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mental imagery and bipolar disorders: Introducing scope for psychological treatment development?
Ng, R. M., Simplicio, M. C. D., & Holmes, E. A. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764015615905 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation“I see myself”: Craving imagery among individuals with addictive disorders
Månsson, V., Andrade, J., Jayaram‐Lindström, N., & Berman, A. H. (2022) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2022.2058299 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Content and Process of Adolescent Suicide Ideation: Implications for Risk Assessment
Miranda, R., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Macrynikola, N., Nahum, C., Mañaná, J., Rombola, C., Runes, S., & Waseem, M. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01092-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hypomanic-like experiences and spontaneous emotional mental imagery
O’Donnell, C., Simplicio, M. C. D., & Heyes, S. B. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Understanding Patterns of Adolescent Suicide Ideation: Implications for Risk Assessment
Miranda, R., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Rosario‐Williams, B., Kelly, T. F., Macrynikola, N., & Sullivan, S. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82465-5_9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Suicidal Intrusions Attributes Scale (SINAS): a new tool measuring suicidal intrusions
van Bentum, J. S., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Huibers, M. J. H., Holmes, E. A., de Geus, S., & Sijbrandij, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1158340 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationHagenaars, M. A., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/204380871200300201 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Imagery and Psychopathology: Examples of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
Ng, R., Krans, J., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_19 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationIntrusions related to indirectly experienced events in clinical offspring of World War Two survivors
Dashorst, P., Huntjens, R. J. C., Mooren, T. T. M., Kleber, R. J., zu Eulenburg, C., & de Jong, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102209 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sarfo, J. O., Obeng, P., Debrah, T. P., Gbordzoe, N. I., & Fosu, A. (2022) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100077 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Steel, C., Wright, K. A., Goodwin, G. M., Simon, J., Morant, N. J., Taylor, R. S., Brown, M. C., Jennings, S., Hales, S. A., Regan, J. L., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00305-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGill, B. C., & Moulds, M. L. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.873808 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tanaka, Y., Yoshinaga, N., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Sutoh, C., Matsuzawa, D., Hirano, Y., Nakazato, M., & Shimizu, E. (2018) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2018.1487455 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chu, C., Podlogar, M. C., Rogers, M. L., Buchman‐Schmitt, J. M., Negley, J. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515625189 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Intrusive, involuntary memories in depression
Moulds, M. L., & Krans, J. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139626767.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP) imagery intervention: a case report
Carey, M., & Wells, C. (2019) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x19000175 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mental imagery in psychopathology: from the lab to the clinic
Clark, I. A., James, E. L., Iyadurai, L., & Holmes, E. A. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139626767.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationNilsson, A. M., Wærn, M., Ehnvall, A., & Skärsäter, I. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231218562 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Paulik, G., van Velzen, L. S., Lee, C. W., Markulev, C., Jackson-Simpson, J., Davies, P., Bendall, S., & Schmaal, L. (2023) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2023.2241608 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The German Impact of Future Events Scale (IFES-S): Adaption and Validation for Clinical Samples
Kroener, J., Schaitz, C., Maier, A., Connemann, B. J., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00813 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schwarz, S. M., & Stangier, U. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00515-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The development of the Negative Mental Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-N)
Oaie, F. E., Bower, J. L., & Steel, C. (2024) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465824000304 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hewitt, O. M., Steel, C., Hales, S. A., Hayden, N., Gundeslioglu, H., Tapp, K., & Langdon, P. E. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102178 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring aspects of self-reported emotional mental imagery in patients with bipolar disorder
van den Berg, K. C., Voncken, M. J., Hendrickson, A. T., Simplicio, M. C. D., Regeer, E. J., Rops, L., & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101861 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lau‐Zhu, A., Stacey, J., Gibson, D., Chan, C., & Cooper, M. J. (2024) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465824000298 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
French, S., Salkovskis, P. M., & Bream, V. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104275 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Susi, K., Stewart, A., Knowles, R. J., & Hawton, K. E. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12263 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Latent Classes of Dysregulated Behaviors Relate to Negative Mental Images
Cloos, M., Weßlau, C., Steil, R., & Höfling, V. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9578-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Peckham, A., Modavi, K., & Johnson, S. L. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000559 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Çili, S., & Stopa, L. L. (2021) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2021.1910311 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Köse, G., Evans, J. J., & O’Connor, R. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574315 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Galinha, I. C., de Carvalho, J. S., Oliveira, A. C., Arriaga, P., Gaspar, A., Silva, H., & Ortega, V. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-08899-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Correa, R., Rodriguez, N., & Bortolaso, M. (2021) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100227 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hales, S. A., Deeprose, C., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hales, Susie A
- Venue
- Bipolar Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 7-8
- Pages
- 651-661
- ISSN
- 1398-5647 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-5618
- PMC
- PMC3443362
- OpenAlex
- W2118935759
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Bipolar Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Wellcome Trust (WT088217)
- Lupina Foundation
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0510-10102)
- Servier
- Medical Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, mental imagery, suicidal cognitions, suicide risk assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Suicide, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
