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Phenotype and function of human T lymphocyte subsets: Consensus and issues
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, a tremendous effort has been devoted to the detailed characterization of the phenotype and function of distinct T cell subpopulations in humans, as well as to their pathway(s) of differentiation and role in immune responses. But these studies seem to have generated more questions than definitive answers. To clarify issues related to the function and differentiation of T cell subsets, one session of the MASIR 2008 conference was dedicated to this topic. Several points of consensus and discord were highlighted in the work presented during this session. We provide here an account of these points, including the relative heterogeneity of T cell subpopulations during infections with distinct pathogens, the relationship between phenotypic and functional T cell attributes, and the pathway(s) of T cell differentiation. Finally, we discuss the problems which still limit general agreement. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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“Further, these cells re-express CD45RA in combination with markers often stated to reflect “senescence” such as CD57 and KLRG1 (Appay et al. 2008; van Lier et al. 2003).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Appay et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“These CMV-specific T cells exhibit a late-stage differentiated phenotype, including loss of co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD27 and CD28) and cell-surface proteins associated with homing to lymphoid tissue (e.g., CD62L and CCR7) (Appay et al. 2008; van Lier et al. 2003).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Appay et al. 2008
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“major infection demonstrates that the quality of the T cell response is predictive of control following challenge (69).”
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“Of note, the expression of CD57 on the cell surface shows a strong relationship with telomere length, in that CD571 T cells have the shortest telomeres (18,32)—implying that these cells have divided the most and have the least proliferative potential amongst the T cell subsets.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSkewed maturation of memory HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes
Champagne, P., Ogg, G. S., King, A. S., Knabenhans, C., Ellefsen, K., Nobile, M., Appay, V., Rizzardi, G. P., Fleury, S., Lipp, M., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35065118 · Cited by 1,002 · cited 1×
“A potential link between failed T cell efficacy and an immature phenotype was initially suggested in that HIV-specific CD8 T cells show a CD271CCR72CD45RA2 phenotype in contrast to CMV-specific CD8 T cells (characterized by a CD272CCR72CD45RA1 phenotype) (61,62)”
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PD-1 is a regulator of virus-specific CD8+ T cell survival in HIV infection
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“T cell regulation is also dependent on antigenic stimulation, as seen with PD-1, which is upregulated on the surface of CD8 T cells undergoing activation (24), as a likely mechanism to control the proliferation and apoptosis of activated cells (51).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHIV-specific CD8(+) T cells produce antiviral cytokines but are impaired in cytolytic function
Appay, V., Nixon, D. F., Donahoe, S. M., Gillespie, G. M. A., Dong, T., King, A., Ogg, G. S., Spiegel, H. M. L., Conlon, C., Spina, C. A., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.1.63 · Cited by 871 · cited 1×
“A potential link between failed T cell efficacy and an immature phenotype was initially suggested in that HIV-specific CD8 T cells show a CD271CCR72CD45RA2 phenotype in contrast to CMV-specific CD8 T cells (characterized by a CD272CCR72CD45RA1 phenotype) (61,62)”
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“However, subsequent studies showed no consensus on this theory: HIV-specific CD8 T cells associated with superior control of HIV were also characterized by a CD271 CCR72CD45RA2 phenotype (47,63); and in the setting of CMV disease, the majority of CMV-specific CD8 T cells displayed also a CD272CCR72CD45RA1 phenotype (6…”
ResultSelf-citationCharacterization of CD4+ CTLs Ex Vivo
Appay, V., Zaunders, J. J., Papagno, L., Sutton, J., Jaramillo, A., Waters, A., Easterbrook, P., Grey, P., Smith, D. E., McMichael, A. J., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5954 · Cited by 545
Self-citationPrecopio, M., Betts, M. R., Parrino, J., Price, D. A., Emma Gostick, D., Ambrozak, D. R., Asher, T. E., Douek, D. C., Harari, A., Pantaleo, G., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20062363 · Cited by 492 · cited 1×
“, CMV, vaccinia), the quality of the response is among the most polyfunctional that has been measured (48).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImmune Activation and CD8+ T-Cell Differentiation towards Senescence in HIV-1 Infection
Papagno, L., Spina, C. A., Marchant, A., Salio, M., Rufer, N., Little, S., Dong, T., Chesney, G., Waters, A., Easterbrook, P., et al. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020020 · Cited by 478 · cited 3×
“tive histories as well as proliferative potentials (19,32,33).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopment and Homeostasis of T Cell Memory in Rhesus Macaque
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“There was a clear progression of labeled cells, starting from CD281CCR71 CCR52 (‘‘central memory’’), to CD281CCR72CCR52 or CD281CCR71CCR51 (‘‘transitional memory’’), and then to CD281CCR72CCR51 (‘‘effector memory’’) T cells; CD28-T cells appeared as terminally-differentiated and represent the end-stage (55).”
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“And finally, Mario Roederer pioneered the use of polychromatic flow cytometry, a necessary tool to precisely study the phenotype and understand the function of T cell subsets (6).”
MethodSelf-citationGamadia, L. E., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., Weel, J. F. L., Bemelman, F. J., van Lier, R. A. W., & ten Berge, I. J. M. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-08-2502 · Cited by 423
Four functionally distinct populations of human effector-memory CD8+ T lymphocytes
Romero, P., Zippelius, A., Kurth, I., Pittet, M. J., Touvrey, C., Iancu, E. M., Corthesy, P., Devevre, E., Speiser, D. E., & Rufer, N. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4112 · Cited by 405 · cited 1×
“tive histories as well as proliferative potentials (19,32,33).”
BackgroundInnate and adaptive lymphoid cells in the human liver
Doherty, D. G., & O’Farrelly, C. (2000) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.017416.x · Cited by 404
Cell Sorting: Automated Separation of Mammalian Cells as a Function of Intracellular Fluorescence
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A single naive CD8+ T cell precursor can develop into diverse effector and memory subsets.
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“The presence of these cells is usually observed in particular settings like CMV or HIV infections (43,44), although their role remains unknown to date.”
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“Specifically, when comparing the HIV-specific T cell response among HIVinfected, clinically defined progressors or long-term nonprogressors, there is a significantly better quality of the CD8 T cell response from the latter group (46,47).”
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“CXCR3 and CCR4 are expressed on distinct subsets of CCR71 central memory CD4 T cells, with CXCR31 and CCR41 subsets representing pre-TH1 and pre-TH2 cells, respectively (28).”
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Visualization, characterization, and turnover of CD8+ memory T cells in virus-infected hosts.
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“CD11b expression as a marker to distinguish between recently activated effector CD8(1) T cells and memory cells.”
BackgroundInfluentialPolyfunctional T cell responses are a hallmark of HIV‐2 infection
Duvall, M. G., Precopio, M., Ambrozak, D. R., Jaye, A., McMichael, A. J., Whittle, H. C., Roederer, M., Rowland‐Jones, S., & Koup, R. A. (2008) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200737768 · Cited by 241
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“Constitutive CD27/CD70 interaction induces expansion of effector-type T cells and results in IFNgamma-mediated B cell depletion.”
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Differentiation of Human CD8+ T Cells from a Memory to Memory/Effector Phenotype
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“This inflammatory pathway of cell recruitment in lymph nodes requires CXCR3 or CD62P expression on CD8 or CD4 T cells, respectively [FS, unpublished data and (54)].”
BackgroundSelf-citationExpression of the Murine CD27 Ligand CD70 In Vitro and In Vivo
Tesselaar, K., Xiao, Y., Arens, R., van Schijndel, G. M. W., Schuurhuis, D. H., Mebius, R. E., Borst, J. G., & van Lier, R. A. W. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.33 · Cited by 198 · cited 1×
“In both mice and humans, expression of CD70 is predominantly found on activated immune cells under TH1 conditions (58).”
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“For instance, granzyme K production is a trait of CCR72CD271CD281 CD8 T cells, whereas granzyme B production is predominant in CCR72CD272CD282 CD8 T cells (25,26).”
BackgroundRufer, N., Zippelius, A., Batard, P., Pittet, M. J., Kurth, I., Corthesy, P., Cerottini, J.-C., Leyvraz, S., Roosnek, E., Nabholz, M., et al. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-02-0420 · Cited by 182
PD-1 expression on human CD8 T cells depends on both state of differentiation and activation status
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“T cell regulation is also dependent on antigenic stimulation, as seen with PD-1, which is upregulated on the surface of CD8 T cells undergoing activation (24), as a likely mechanism to control the proliferation and apoptosis of activated cells (51).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFaint, J. M., Annels, N. E., Curnow, S. J., Shields, P., Pilling, D., Hislop, A. D., Wu, L., Akbar, A. N., Buckley, C. D., Moss, P. A. H., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.212 · Cited by 171
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Three Memory Subsets of Human CD8+ T Cells Differently Expressing Three Cytolytic Effector Molecules
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“For instance, granzyme K production is a trait of CCR72CD271CD281 CD8 T cells, whereas granzyme B production is predominant in CCR72CD272CD282 CD8 T cells (25,26).”
Backgroundvan Leeuwen, E. M. M., de Bree, G. J., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., Yong, S. L., Tesselaar, K., ten Berge, I. J. M., & van Lier, R. A. W. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-02-0449 · Cited by 165
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Self-citationGamadia, L. E., van Leeuwen, E. M. M., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., Yong, S.-L., Surachno, S., Wertheim-van Dillen, P. M. E., ten Berge, I. J. M., & van Lier, R. A. W. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6107 · Cited by 122 · cited 5×
“Constitutive CD27/CD70 interaction induces expansion of effector-type T cells and results in IFNgamma-mediated B cell depletion.”
BackgroundInfluentialSacré, K., Carcelain, G., Cassoux, N., Fillet, A., Costagliola, D. G., Vittecoq, D., Salmon, D., Amoura, Z., Katlama, C., & Autran, B. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20042408 · Cited by 120 · cited 1×
“However, subsequent studies showed no consensus on this theory: HIV-specific CD8 T cells associated with superior control of HIV were also characterized by a CD271 CCR72CD45RA2 phenotype (47,63); and in the setting of CMV disease, the majority of CMV-specific CD8 T cells displayed also a CD272CCR72CD45RA1 phenotype (6…”
ResultFukada, K., Sobao, Y., Tomiyama, H., Oka, S., & Takiguchi, M. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2225 · Cited by 107
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Self-citationThe Activatory Receptor 2B4 Is Expressed In Vivo by Human CD8+ Effector αβ T Cells
Speiser, D. E., Colonna, M., Ayyoub, M., Cella, M., Pittet, M. J., Batard, P., Valmori, D., Guillaume, P., Líénard, D., Cerottini, J., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6165 · Cited by 90
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Flow cytometric detection of perforin upregulation in human CD8 T cells
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Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate protects mice from lethal shock induced by LPS or TNF-α
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Self-citationEx Vivo Phenotype and Frequency of Influenza Virus-Specific CD4 Memory T Cells
Lucas, M., Day, C. L., Wyer, J. R., Cunliffe, S. L., Loughry, A., McMichael, A. J., & Klenerman, P. (2004) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.78.13.7284-7287.2004 · Cited by 69
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“Following the infection with cleared viruses such as influenza or RSV, virus-specific CD8 T cells appear predominantly CCR71CD271CD281 (34,35).”
BackgroundTussey, L., Nair, U. S., Bachinsky, M., Edwards, B. H., Bakari, J., Grimm, K. M., Joyce, J. G., Vessey, R., Steigbigel, R. T., Robertson, M. N., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/367707 · Cited by 62
Sun, Y., Schmitz, J. E., Buzby, A. P., Barker, B. R., Rao, S. S., Xu, L., Yang, Z., Mascola, J. R., Nabel, G. J., & Letvin, N. L. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01458-06 · Cited by 60
Chattopadhyay, P. K., Melenhorst, J. J., Ladell, K., Emma Gostick, D., Scheinberg, P., Barrett, A. J., Wooldridge, L., Roederer, M., Sewell, A. K., & Price, D. A. (2008) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20642 · Cited by 56 · cited 1×
“Techniques that allow satisfactory detection of subdominant or low avidity CD81 T cell populations (see the article by Price and coworkers (72) in the present issue of Cytometry) will help us understanding the true role of these cells, which is often overlooked.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCombadière, B., Faure, S., Autran, B., Debré, P., & Combadière, C. (2003) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200306130-00002 · Cited by 50 · cited 4×
“In addition, the expression of some chemokine receptors (e.g., CCR7 and CX3CR1) (4,17) as well as adhesion molecules (e.g., CD11a and CD62L) also seem to follow a common pattern.”
BackgroundInfluentialMeier, S., Stark, R., Frentsch, M., & Thiel, A. (2008) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20640 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“(see the articles by Casorati and coworkers (74) or Thiel and coworkers (75), respectively.”
BackgroundAppay, V., Bosio, A., Lokan, S., Wiencek, Y., Biervert, C., Küsters, D., Devêvre, E., Speiser, D. E., Romero, P. J., Rufer, N., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7406 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“emerge between CD8 and CD4 T cells, in terms of phenotype, functional attributes, telomere shortening as well as gene expression profiles (43,59,60).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow flow cytometry is changing the study of TB immunology and clinical diagnosis
Fuhrmann, S., Streitz, M., & Kern, F. (2008) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20614 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“New insights into CD41 T cell subset differentiation and function (as proposed by Kern and coworkers (73) in the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection) implies the use of improved methods to identify accurately antigen specific CD41 T cells; these include the use of MHC Class II tetramers or CD154 analysis”
MethodFunctional re-expression of CCR7 on CMV-specific CD8+ T cells upon antigenic stimulation
van Leeuwen, E. M. M., van Buul, J. D., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., Hordijk, P. L., ten Berge, I. J. M., & van Lier, R. A. W. (2005) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxh251 · Cited by 36 · cited 1×
“In addition, modulation of chemokine receptor expression occurs upon activation, which implies changes in migratory properties of T cell subsets (52,53).”
BackgroundUse of MHC class II tetramers to investigate CD4+ T cell responses: Problems and solutions
Cecconi, V., Moro, M., Mare, S. D., Dellabona, P., & Casorati, G. (2008) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20603 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“(see the articles by Casorati and coworkers (74) or Thiel and coworkers (75), respectively.”
BackgroundFunctional and phenotypic analysis of human memory CD8+ T cells expressing CXCR3
Kobayashi, N., Kondo, T., Takata, H., Yokota, S., & Takiguchi, M. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1205725 · Cited by 29
FATT‐CTL assay for detection of antigen‐specific cell‐mediated cytotoxicity
van Baalen, C. A., Gruters, R. A., Berkhoff, E. G. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2008) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20613 · Cited by 18 · cited 3×
“For instance, accurate assessment of T cell cytolytic capacity through measurement of perforin production or FATT-CTL assay (see the articles by Betts and coworkers (70) or van Baalen (71), respectively, in the present issue of Cytometry) can only benefit the functional characterization of T cells.”
Method
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A human memory T cell subset with stem cell–like properties
Gattinoni, L., Lugli, E., Ji, Y., Pos, Z., Paulos, C. M., Quigley, M. F., Almeida, J. R., Gostick, E., Yu, Z., Carpenito, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2446 · Cited by 1,974
Self-citationInflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease
Cekici, A., Kantarci, A., Hasturk, H., & Van Dyke, T. E. (2014) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12002 · Cited by 1,415
“Receptor Location Cells Bacteria Toll-like receptor 1 Cell membrane Myeloid dendritic cells, monocytes Not specified Toll-like receptor 2 Cell membrane Monocytes, natural killer cells, myeloid dendritic cells,mast cells, T-cells, epithelial cells Porphyromonas gingivalis Escherichia coli Tannerella forsythia Prevotell…”
BackgroundInfluentialAnti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations
Seidel, J. A., Otsuka, A., & Kabashima, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00086 · Cited by 1,360
Fingolimod (FTY720): discovery and development of an oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis
Brinkmann, V., Billich, A., Baumruker, T., Heining, P., Schmouder, R., Francis, G., Aradhye, S., & Burtin, P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3248 · Cited by 1,273
PD-1 identifies the patient-specific CD8+ tumor-reactive repertoire infiltrating human tumors
Gros, A., Robbins, P. F., Yao, X., Li, Y. F., Turcotte, S., Tran, E., Wunderlich, J. R., Mixon, A., Farid, S., Dudley, M. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci73639 · Cited by 1,140
“We measured cell surface expression of differentiation markers CD62L, CD45RO, CD27, and CD57 (31), inhibitory receptors PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, and BTLA, typically expressed on chronically stimulated CD8 + T cells (23, 24, 32, 33), and costimulatory receptor 4-1BB (28, 34) and IL-2 receptor alpha CD25 (35), which can be u…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Appay, V., van Lier, R. A. W., Sallusto, F., & Roederer, M.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (CH)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Appay, Victor
- Venue
- Cytometry Part A
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-10-22
- Volume
- 73A
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 975-983
- ISSN
- 1552-4922 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4930
- OpenAlex
- W1574493485
- Cited by
- 729
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
- Locations
- Cytometry Part A (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- T cell subsets, T cell differentiation, T cell heterogeneity, T cell phenotype, T cell function, immune response, infection
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Inflammation, Lymphocyte Activation, Phenotype, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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