Cerebral Palsy—Don't Delay

McIntyre, Sarah; Morgan, Cathy; Walker, Karen; Novak, Iona

doi:10.1002/ddrr.1106

Cited by 304Cerebral Palsy and Movement DisordersNeonatal and fetal brain pathologyChildren's Physical and Motor Development

Cerebral Palsy—Don't Delay

McIntyre, Sarah, Morgan, Cathy, Walker, Karen, Novak, Iona·2011·Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

DOI 10.1002/ddrr.1106

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Abstract

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most severe physical disability within the spectrum of developmental delay. CP is an umbrella term describing a group of motor disorders, accompanied by many associated impairments. The disability is a result of injuries to the developing brain occurring any time from the first trimester of pregnancy through to early childhood. However, for the great majority, their full etiological causal pathway remains unclear. It is important to discriminate as early as possible between: (a) mild or nonspecific motor delay, (b) developmental coordination disorder, (c) syndromes, (d) metabolic and progressive conditions, and (e) CP with its various motor types and distributions. The most promising predictive tool for CP is the general movements assessment, which assesses the quality of spontaneous movements of infants in the first 4 months of life. We propose a change in diagnostic practice. We recommend a shift away from referral for intervention following a formal (most often late) description of CP, to one of referral for intervention whichoccurs immediately once an infant is considered “at risk” of CP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2011;17:114–129.

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Diagnostic screening for atypical development varies by age and risk factors, wherein children with prebirth, during-birth, and postbirth medical complications or obviously observed developmental delays receive enhanced, in-depth clinical testing.
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Watson, L. C., Stanley, F., & Blair, E. M. (1999) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Neurological Assessment of the Preterm and Full-Term Newborn Infant
Bergman, I. (1982) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320480074036 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Test of Infant Motor Performance: Reliability in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type I
Finkel, R. S., Hynan, L. S., Glanzman, A. M., Owens, H., Nelson, L. L., Cone, S. R., Campbell, S. K., & Iannaccone, S. T. (2008) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/pep.0b013e318181ae96 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Neonatal antecedents for cerebral palsy in extremely preterm babies and interaction with maternal factors
Tran, U., Gray, P. H., & O'Callaghan, M. J. (2005) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.12.009 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Development of bladder control in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Roijen, L. E. G., Postema, K., Limbeek, V., et al. (2001) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00724.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cerebral palsy among children born moderately preterm or at moderately low birthweight between 1980 and 1998: a European register-based study
Andersen, G. L., Romundstad, P., CRUZ, J. D. L., Himmelmann, K., Sellier, É., Cans, C., Kurinczuk, J. J., & Vik, T. (2011) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04079.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Infant Neurological Examination from 3 to 12 Months: Predictive Value of the Single Items
Pizzardi, A., Romeo, D. M., Cioni, M., Romeo, M. G., & Guzzetta, A. (2008) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1214423 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cerebral palsy following term newborn encephalopathy: a population-based study
Badawi, N. A., Felix, J. F., Kurinczuk, J. J., Dixon, G., Watson, L. C., Keogh, J., Valentine, J. P., & Stanley, F. J. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01139.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A combined a-EEG and MR spectroscopy study in term newborns with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
Ancora, G., Soffritti, S., Lodi, R., Tonon, C., Grandi, S., Locatelli, C., Nardi, L., Bisacchi, N., Testa, C. M., Tani, G., et al. (2010) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.11.008 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
SCPE work, standardization and definition--an overview of the activities of SCPE: a collaboration of European CP registers.
McManus, V., Guillem, P., Surman, G., & Cans, C. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Therapeutic hypothermia for newborn infants with hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy
Jacobs, S. E., & Tarnow-Mordi, W. O. (2010) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01880.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Early detection of cerebral palsy: sensitivity and specificity of two motor assessment tools.
Harris, S. R. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cerebral Palsy: Prevalence, Predictability, and Parental Counseling
McAdams, R. M., & Juul, S. E. (2011) · NeoReviews · doi:10.1542/neo.12-10-e564 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cerebral Palsy in Near-term and Term Infants
Shankaran, S. (2008) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e3181870c35 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pathogenesis, Neuroimaging and Management in Children With Cerebral Palsy Born Preterm
Hoon, A., & Faria, A. (2010) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.127 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cerebral palsy in low-birthweight infants: Etiology and strategies for prevention
Nelson, K. B., & Grether, J. K. (1997) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1997)3:2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Population Case-Control Study of Cerebral Palsy: Neonatal Predictors for Low-Risk Term Singletons
McIntyre, S. J., Badawi, N. A., Brown, C. S. B., & Blair, E. M. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1894 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Education and employment prospects in cerebral palsy
Michelsen, S. I., Uldall, P. V., Kejs, A. M. T., & Madsen, M. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01184.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Proposed motor development assessment protocol for epidemiological studies in children
Rosenbaum, P., Missiuna, C. A., Echeverria, D., & Knox, S. S. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.070896 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Predictability of cerebral palsy and its characteristics through neonatal cranial ultrasound in a high-risk NICU population
Himpens, E., Oostra, A., Franki, I., Maele, G. V., Vanhaesebrouck, P., & den Broeck, C. V. (2010) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1207-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Better description of spastic cerebral palsy for reliable classification
Love, S. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12618.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Predictive validity of the Movement Assessment of Infants (MAI) for six- month-old Very Low Birth-Weight Infants -
Metgud, D., Patil, V. D., & Dhaded, S. M. (2011) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
THE "AT RISK" INFANT
Keith, R. M., Robson, P., & Howorth, I. E. (1967) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(67)92612-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Early, Accurate Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment
Novak, I., Morgan, C., Adde, L., Blackman, J., Boyd, R. N., Brunstrom-Hernandez, J., Cioni, G., Damiano, D., Darrah, J., Eliasson, A.-C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1689 · Cited by 1,721 · see citing works
“For the other half of all infants with cerebral palsy, the pregnancy and labor may have appeared to be uneventful, 31 and parents, caregivers, or community-based professionals first notice delayed motor milestones (eg, not sitting at 9 months or hand asymmetry).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis
McIntyre, S. J., Goldsmith, S. C., Webb, A., Ehlinger, V., Hollung, S. J., McConnell, K., Arnaud, C., Smithers‐Sheedy, H., Oskoui, M., Khandaker, G., et al. (2022) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15346 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
“We conducted a systematic analysis of populationbased data from two sources: (1) CP registers/ surveillance systems and (2) published prevalence studies.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Effectiveness of motor interventions in infants with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Morgan, C., Darrah, J., Gordon, A. M., Harbourne, R. T., Spittle, A. J., Johnson, R., & Fetters, L. (2016) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13105 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
“With increasing use of sensitive tools including magnetic resonance imaging and the General Movements Assessment, earlier identification of those infants with CP and at the highest risk of it is now possible.(15) The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of motor interventions…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Evidence-Based Diagnosis, Health Care, and Rehabilitation for Children With Cerebral Palsy
Novak, I. (2014) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073814535503 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“…for cerebral palsy existed in the medical history: multiple birth, extreme prematurity, male gender, feeding issues, and prolonged hospitalization 14 The General Movements assessment has the best sensitivity of all tools for detecting cerebral palsy early (98% sensitivity and 91% specificity at…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Neurologic Consequences of Preterm Birth
Ream, M. A., & Lehwald, L. M. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0862-2 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Cerebral Palsy: Early Markers of Clinical Phenotype and Functional Outcome
Einspieler, C., Bos, A. F., Krieber, M., Alvarado, E., Barbosa, V. M., Bertoncelli, N. M., Burger, M., Chorna, O. D., Secco, S. D., deRegnier, R.-A. O., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101616 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movement for later cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Kwong, A. K. L., Fitzgerald, T. L., Doyle, L. W., Cheong, J. L. Y., & Spittle, A. J. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13697 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Definitive diagnosis and classification of CP stabilizes after 2 years of age(3) with the average age of CP diagnosis occurring at approximately 19 months.(4) However, delaying intervention until the time of diagnosis may result in missed opportunities to implement intervention during a period of brain ‘plasticity’, a…”
Background
Enriched environments and motor outcomes in cerebral palsy: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Morgan, C., Novak, I., & Badawi, N. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3985 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The role of early developmental intervention to influence neurobehavioral outcomes of children born preterm
Spittle, A. J., & Treyvaud, K. (2016) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.006 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in Bangladesh: a population‐based surveillance study
Khandaker, G., Muhit, M., Karim, T., Smithers‐Sheedy, H., Novak, I., Jones, C., & Badawi, N. A. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14013 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of cerebral palsy in Uganda: a population-based study
Kakooza‐Mwesige, A., Andrews, C., Peterson, S., Mangen, F. W., Eliasson, A., & Forssberg, H. (2017) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30374-1 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Early identification and intervention in cerebral palsy
Herskind, A., Greisen, G. O., & Nielsen, J. B. (2014) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12531 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“A little more than half of the infants developed CP.”
BackgroundInfluential
Cerebral Palsy
Michael‐Asalu, A., Taylor, G., Campbell, H., Lelea, L.-L., & Kirby, R. S. (2019) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2019.04.002 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Early Diagnosis and Classification of Cerebral Palsy: An Historical Perspective and Barriers to an Early Diagnosis
Velde, A. T., Morgan, C., Novak, I., Tantsis, E. M., & Badawi, N. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101599 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cerebral palsy and developmental coordination disorder in children born preterm
Spittle, A. J., & Orton, J. (2013) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2013.11.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The effectiveness of Baby-CIMT in infants younger than 12 months with clinical signs of unilateral-cerebral palsy; an explorative study with randomized design
Eliasson, A., Nordstrand, L., Ek, L., Lennartsson, F., Sjöstrand, L., Tedroff, K., & Krumlinde‐Sundholm, L. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.11.006 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Mini‐ MACS : development of the Manual Ability Classification System for children younger than 4 years of age with signs of cerebral palsy
Eliasson, A., Ullenhag, A., Wahlström, U., & Krumlinde‐Sundholm, L. (2016) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13162 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Optimising motor learning in infants at high risk of cerebral palsy: a pilot study
Morgan, C., Novak, I., Dale, R. C., & Badawi, N. A. (2015) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0347-2 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Late diagnosis is the norm for children with cerebral palsy (CP) since very few diagnostic biomarkers exists; only half are unwell in the neonatal period [1]; and neuroimaging does not accurately predict severity except in severe cases.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Palsy in Children with a History of Preterm Birth
Spittle, A. J., Morgan, C., Olsen, J. E., Novak, I., & Cheong, J. L. Y. (2018) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2018.05.011 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citation
Network Implementation of Guideline for Early Detection Decreases Age at Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis
Maitre, N. L., Burton, V. J., Duncan, A. F., Iyer, S. N., Ostrander, B., Winter, S. L., Ayala, L., Burkhardt, S., Gerner, G. J., Getachew, R., et al. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2126 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Shepherd, E. S., Salam, R. A., Middleton, P., Makrides, M., McIntyre, S. J., Badawi, N. A., & Crowther, C. A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012077.pub2 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews
Shepherd, E. S., Salam, R. A., Middleton, P., Han, S., Makrides, M., McIntyre, S. J., Badawi, N. A., & Crowther, C. A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012409.pub2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Wearable Lower-Limb Exoskeleton for Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Mechanical Design, Actuation Type, Control Strategy, and Clinical Evaluation
Sarajchi, M., Al-Hares, M. K., & Sirlantzis, K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2021.3136088 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Predictors for early diagnosis of cerebral palsy from national registry data
Granild‐Jensen, J. B., Rackauskaite, G., Flachs, E. M., & Uldall, P. V. (2015) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12760 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that early intervention may improve the treatment efficacy.(3,4) The diagnostic age of CP has only been studied in a few well-defined populations.”
Background
GAME (Goals - Activity - Motor Enrichment): protocol of a single blind randomised controlled trial of motor training, parent education and environmental enrichment for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy
Morgan, C., Novak, I., Dale, R. C., Guzzetta, A., & Badawi, N. A. (2014) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-014-0203-2 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Wait and see monitoring can mean brain injured infants do not always receive intervention in the most crucial period of brain development [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Development of the Hand Assessment for Infants: evidence of internal scale validity
Krumlinde‐Sundholm, L., Ek, L., Sicola, E., Sjöstrand, L., Guzzetta, A., Sgandurra, G., Cioni, G., & Eliasson, A. (2017) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13585 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“To get an early, albeit preliminary, diagnosis is important for the families to access early intervention.(6,7) Early identification of children at risk of CP is therefore essential.”
Background
The Baby Moves prospective cohort study protocol: using a smartphone application with the General Movements Assessment to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2 years for extremely preterm or extremely low birthweight infants
Spittle, A. J., Olsen, J. E., Kwong, A., Doyle, L. W., Marschik, P. B., Einspieler, C., & Cheong, J. L. Y. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013446 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“BACKGROUND Infants born extremely preterm (EP, <28 weeks’ gestation) and/or with extremely low birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g birth weight) are at high risk of neurodevelopmental impairment, such as cerebral palsy (CP).(1) Strengths and limitations of this study”
Background
Early intervention after perinatal stroke: opportunities and challenges
Basu, A. P. (2014) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12407 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Early identification and referral of at-risk infants for intervention, rather than referral of infants with established CP, has been called for.(20) This approach, however, requires both more widespread use of appropriate tools for early diagnosis and more evidence for effective early interventions.”
Background
Early detection of cerebral palsy in high‐risk infants: Translation of evidence into practice in an Australian hospital
King, A., Machipisa, C., Finlayson, F., Fahey, M. C., Novak, I., & Malhotra, A. (2020) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.15191 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sensitivity and specificity of G eneral M ovements A ssessment for diagnostic accuracy of detecting cerebral palsy early in an A ustralian context
Morgan, C., Crowle, C., Goyen, T., Hardman, C., Jackman, M., Novak, I., & Badawi, N. A. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12995 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparing parent and provider priorities in discussions of early detection and intervention for infants with and at risk of cerebral palsy
Byrne, R., Duncan, A. F., Pickar, T., Burkhardt, S., Boyd, R. N., Neel, M. L., & Maitre, N. L. (2019) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12707 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Because early diagnosis and interventions offer the best potential for long‐term outcomes, this open communication is a strength of current practice (McIntyre et al., 2011).”
Background
Efficacy of Armeo® Robotic Therapy Versus Conventional Therapy on Upper Limb Function in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy
El-Shamy, S. M. (2017) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000000852 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Diagnosing cerebral palsy in full‐term infants
Morgan, C., Fahey, M. C., Roy, B., & Novak, I. (2018) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.14177 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Parental Perspectives on Diagnosis and Prognosis of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduates with Cerebral Palsy
Guttmann, K., Flibotte, J. J., & DeMauro, S. B. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.089 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cerebral palsy after assisted reproductive technology: a cohort study
Goldsmith, S. C., McIntyre, S. J., Badawi, N. A., & Hansen, M. (2017) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13577 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The causes of CP are many, often multifactorial and poorly understood, with events of the preconceptional, pregnancy, perinatal, and postneonatal periods implicated.(2) The criterion standard for calculating the prevalence and describing clinical characteristics of CP are population-based CP registers.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
International expert recommendations of clinical features to prompt referral for diagnostic assessment of cerebral palsy
Boychuck, Z., Andersen, J. C., Bussières, A., Fehlings, D. L., Kirton, A., Li, P., Oskoui, M., Rodríguez, C., Shevell, M. I., Snider, L., et al. (2019) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14252 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“prompt referral for diagnosis; (2) two ‘warning sign’ features that warrant monitoring rather than immediate referral for diagnosis; and (3) five referral recommendations to other healthcare professionals to occur simultaneously with referral for diagnosis.”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of social disadvantage on cerebral palsy severity
Woolfenden, S. R., Galea, C., Smithers‐Sheedy, H., Blair, E. M., McIntyre, S. J., Reid, S. M., Delacy, M. J., Badawi, N. A., On Behalf of the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group, & Quest, C. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14026 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation
Miniaturized wireless, skin-integrated sensor networks for quantifying full-body movement behaviors and vital signs in infants
Jeong, H., Kwak, S. S., Sohn, S., Lee, J. Y., Lee, Y. J., O’Brien, M. K., Park, Y., Avila, R., Kim, J.-T., Yoo, J.-Y., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104925118 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Health service use among adults with cerebral palsy: a mixed‐methods systematic review
Manikandan, M., Kerr, C., Lavelle, G., Walsh, M. P., Walsh, A., & Ryan, J. M. (2021) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15097 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Early Identification of Cerebral Palsy Using Neonatal MRI and General Movements Assessment in a Cohort of High-Risk Term Neonates
Glass, H. C., Li, Y., Gardner, M. A., Barkovich, A. J., Novak, I., McCulloch, C. E., & Rogers, E. E. (2021) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.02.003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Assessment of movement disorders using wearable sensors during upper limb tasks: A scoping review
Vanmechelen, I., Haberfehlner, H., Vleeschhauwer, J. D., Wonterghem, E. V., Feys, H., Desloovere, K., Aerts, J., & Monbaliu, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.1068413 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Shepherd, E. S., Middleton, P., Makrides, M., McIntyre, S. J., Badawi, N. A., & Crowther, C. A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012077 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
Unimanual versus bimanual therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: Same, same, but different
Hoare, B., & Greaves, S. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3233/prm-170410 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Medical specialists are now encouraged to refer for therapy intervention immediately once an infant is considered at risk of CP [3] and there is currently a strong research focus on the early identification of CP and the development of very early intervention models to capitalise on critical periods of brain developme…”
Design and validation of a mechanically flexible and ultra-lightweight high-density diffuse optical tomography system for functional neuroimaging of newborns
Zhao, H., Frijia, E. M., Vidal-Rosas, E. E., Collins-Jones, L. H., Smith, G., Nixon-Hill, R. W., Powell, S., Everdell, N. L., & Cooper, R. J. (2021) · Neurophotonics · doi:10.1117/1.nph.8.1.015011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Prevalence Estimate of Cerebral Palsy in Northern Alberta: Births, 2008-2010
Robertson, C. M. T., Ricci, M. F., O’Grady, K., Oskoui, M., Goez, H., Yager, J. Y., & Andersen, J. C. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2017.33 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Age of Diagnosis, Fidelity and Acceptability of an Early Diagnosis Clinic for Cerebral Palsy: A Single Site Implementation Study
Velde, A. T., Tantsis, E. M., Novak, I., Badawi, N. A., Berry, J., Golland, P., Korkalainen, J., McMurdo, R., Shehata, R., & Morgan, C. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11081074 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Age at referral for diagnosis and rehabilitation services for cerebral palsy: a scoping review
Boychuck, Z., Bussières, A., Goldschleger, J., Majnemer, A., & The Prompt Group (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14034 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The Australian CP Registry indicated that the average age for a description of CP is 19 months, but the authors noted the wide variability in clinical practice with description as early as 1 week old for children with more severe impairment, to 5 years of age for children with mild to moderate severity.(5)”
BackgroundInfluential
Whole body vibration and cerebral palsy: a systematic review.
Duquette, S. A., Guiliano, A. M., & Starmer, D. J. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Development of a Bedside Tool to Predict the Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy in Term-Born Neonates
Rouabhi, A., Husein, N., Dewey, D., Letourneau, N. L., Daboval, T., Oskoui, M., Kirton, A., Shevell, M. I., Dunbar, M., Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry, et al. (2023) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5177 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Developmental outcomes at 3 years of age following major non‐cardiac and cardiac surgery in term infants: A population‐based study
Walker, K., Loughran‐Fowlds, A., Halliday, R. J., Holland, A. J. A., Stewart, J., Sholler, G. F., Winlaw, D. S., & Badawi, N. A. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12943 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficacy of the Small Step Program in a Randomized Controlled Trial for Infants under 12 Months Old at Risk of Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Other Neurological Disorders
Holmström, L., Eliasson, A., Almeida, R., Furmark, C., Weiland, A.-L., Tedroff, K., & Löwing, K. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8071016 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Machine learning to quantify habitual physical activity in children with cerebral palsy
Goodlich, B. I., Armstrong, E., Horan, S. A., Baque, E., Carty, C. P., Ahmadi, M. N., & Trost, S. G. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14560 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Intrathecal baclofen, selective dorsal rhizotomy, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Kudva, A., Abraham, M. E., Gold, J. L., Patel, N., Gendreau, J. L., Herschman, Y., & Mammis, A. (2021) · Neurosurgical Review · doi:10.1007/s10143-021-01550-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Background
Early developmental screening and intervention for high-risk neonates - From research to clinical benefits
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BackgroundMethod
“It Should Have Been Given Sooner, and We Should Not Have to Fight for It”: A Mixed-Methods Study of the Experience of Diagnosis and Early Management of Cerebral Palsy
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Motor Learning Feeding Interventions for Infants at Risk of Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
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Self-citation
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Background
Profile of children with cerebral palsy at a tertiary hospital in eastern Nepal
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Background
Parents’ experiences with a home-based upper limb training program using a video coaching approach for infants and toddlers with unilateral cerebral palsy: a qualitative interview study
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Method
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Background
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Self-citation
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3D Motion Capture May Detect Spatiotemporal Changes in Pre-Reaching Upper Extremity Movements with and without a Real-Time Constraint Condition in Infants with Perinatal Stroke and Cerebral Palsy: A Longitudinal Case Series
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Background
Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Shepherd, E. S., Middleton, P., Makrides, M., McIntyre, S. J., Badawi, N. A., & Crowther, C. A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012409 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: McIntyre, S., Morgan, C., Walker, K., & Novak, I.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
Cerebral Palsy Alliance (AU)
Corresponding author: McIntyre, Sarah
ORCID: McIntyre, Sarah
Walker, Karen
Novak, Iona
Venue: Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 114-129
ISSN: 1940-5510 (ISSN-L)
1940-5529
DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1106
OpenAlex: W1518236078
Cited by: 304
References: 108
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 0.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 455 d)
Locations: Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
Keywords: cerebral palsy, early diagnosis, General Movements Assessment, developmental coordination disorder, motor delay, developmental delay, high-risk infants, differential diagnosis, motor disorders
MeSH terms: Cerebral Palsy, Humans, Infant, Movement, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Assessment, Evidence-Based Medicine, Early Diagnosis

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Cerebral Palsy—Don't Delay

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