Predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movement for later cerebral palsy: a systematic review
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Aim: To systematically review the predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movements for later cerebral palsy (CP). Method: Cohort studies with published data to calculate predictive validity of early spontaneous movements for later CP were searched in four electronic databases:CINAHL, Embase,MEDLINE, and Psyc INFO. Results: Forty‐seven studies met inclusion criteria. The Prechtl General Movements Assessment (GMA) during the fidgety period (10–20wks corrected age) had the strongest sensitivity: 97 per cent (95% confidence interval [CI] 93–99) and specificity: 89% (95%CI 83–93). The sensitivity and specificity of the Prechtl GMA during the writhing period (birth–6wks) was 93% (95%CI 86–96) and 59% (95%CI 45–71) respectively. Cramped‐synchronized movements in the writhing period according to Prechtl had the best specificity (sensitivity: 70% [95%CI 54–82]; specificity: 97% [95%CI 74–100]). Hadders‐Algra's method of assessing general movements had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 89% (95%CI 66–97) and 81% (95%CI 64–91) respectively. Presence of asymmetric postures and movement quality/quantity were reported under the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination, and Movement Assessment of Infants but had weak associations with later CP. Interpretation: Fidgety movements assessed by the Prechtl GMA have the strongest predictive validity for later CP, but cannot be considered in isolation because of the presence of false positive results. What this paper adds: Fidgety general movements (Prechtl) are most predictive for later cerebral palsy compared with other spontaneous movements. False positive results are high among all spontaneous movement assessments.
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Diagnostic screening for atypical development varies by age and risk factors, wherein children with prebirth, during-birth, and postbirth medical complications or obviously observed developmental delays receive enhanced, in-depth clinical testing.
“Diagnostic screening for atypical development varies by age and risk factors, wherein children with prebirth, during-birth, and postbirth medical complications or obviously observed developmental delays receive enhanced, in-depth clinical testing (8, 9).”
From Miniaturized wireless, skin-integrated sensor networks for quantifying full-body movement behaviors and vital signs in infants (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Morgan C, Crowle C, Goyen TA, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of General Movements Assessment for diagnostic accuracy of detecting cerebral palsy early in an Australian context. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52: 54-9.
- Kwong, A. K. L., Fitzgerald, T. L., Doyle, L. W., Cheong, J. L. Y. & Spittle, A. J. (2018). Predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movement for later cerebral palsy: a systematic review. DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY, 60 (5), pp.480-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13697. Persistent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/283637
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jeong, H., Kwak, S. S., Sohn, S., Lee, J. Y., Lee, Y. J., O’Brien, M. K., Park, Y., Avila, R., Kim, J.-T., Yoo, J.-Y., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104925118 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Diagnostic screening for atypical development varies by age and risk factors, wherein children with prebirth, during-birth, and postbirth medical complications or obviously observed developmental delays receive enhanced, in-depth clinical testing (8, 9).”
BackgroundGao, Y., Long, Y., Guan, Y., Basu, A., Baggaley, J., & Ploetz, T. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3314399 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kwong, A. K. L., Fitzgerald, T. L., Doyle, L. W., Cheong, J. L. Y., & Spittle, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Royal Women's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kwong, Amanda K L
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-02-22
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 480-489
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W2790972760
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Centre for Research Excellence in Newborn Medicine
- Victorian Government Operational Infrastructure Support Program
- Australian Government Research Training Program
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, predictive validity, General Movements Assessment, Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, neonatal neurological examination, false positives
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Humans, Infant, Movement, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Databases, Bibliographic
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