Direct and indirect effects of breast milk on the neurobehavioral and cognitive development of premature infants
Abstract
Eighty-six premature infants were tested to examine the effects of maternal breast milk on infant development. Infants were classified by breast-milk consumption during the hospitalization period (M = 57.4 days) into three groups: those receiving minimal (<25% of nutrition), intermediate (25-75%), and substantial (>75%) amounts of breast milk. Infants in the three groups were matched for birth weight, gestational age (GA), medical risk, and family demographics. At 37 weeks GA, mother-infant interaction was videotaped, maternal depression self-reported, and neurobehavioral maturation assessed by the Neonatal Behavior Assessment Seale (Brazelton, 1973). At 6 months corrected age, infants were tested with the Bayley II (Bayley, 1993). Infants receiving substantial amounts of breast milk showed better neurobehavioral profiles-in particular, motor maturity and range of state. These infants also were more alert during social interactions, and their mothers provided more affectionate touch. Higher maternal depression scores were associated with lower quantities of breast milk, longer latencies to the first breast-milk feeding, reduced maternal affectionate touch, and lower infant cognitive skills. Maternal affectionate touch moderated the relations between breast milk and cognitive development, with infants receiving a substantial amount of breast milk and frequent touch scoring the highest. In addition to its nutritional value, breast milk may be related to improved maternal mood and interactive behaviors, thereby indirectly contributing to development in premature infants.
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The behavioral constellation of maternal gaze, positive affect, and affectionate touch defines the maternal postpartum repertoire in human mothers and has been shown to predict infants' social and emotional growth.
“Maternal OT was associated with parenting behavior that incorporates maternal gaze, positive affect, and affectionate touch, a behavioral constellation that defines the maternal postpartum repertoire in human mothers and has shown to predict infants’ social and emotional growth (28,31,32,34).”
From Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans (2010) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Feldman, R., & Eidelman, A. I.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Feldman, Ruth
- Venue
- Developmental Psychobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-08-08
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-119
- ISSN
- 0012-1630 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2302
- OpenAlex
- W1970009230
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Keywords
- breast milk, preterm infants, neurobehavioral development, cognitive development, maternal depression, mother-infant interaction, neonatal behavior, breastfeeding initiation, moderated mediation
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Breast Feeding, Child Development, Cognition, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Food, Formulated, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Male, Maternal Behavior, Milk, Human, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers
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