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Cited by 81Eating Disorders and BehaviorsPharmacology and Obesity TreatmentRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Use of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in eating disorder populations

Open access
Bartel, Sara, McElroy, Susan L., Levangie, Danielle, Keshen, Aaron·2024·International Journal of Eating Disorders
DOI 10.1002/eat.24109
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Abstract

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1As) are being used as approved or off‐label treatments for weight loss. As such, there has been increasing concern about the potential for GLP‐1As to impact eating disorder (ED) symptomatology. This article seeks to (1) review the current state of knowledge regarding GLP‐1As and ED symptomatology; (2) provide recommendations for future research; and (3) guide ED clinicians in how to discuss GLP‐1As in clinical practice. Although evidence is limited, it is possible that GLP‐1As could exacerbate, or contribute to the development of, ED pathology and negatively impact ED treatment. Preliminary research on the use of GLP‐1As to treat binge eating has been conducted; however, studies have design limitations and additional research is needed. Therefore, at the current time there is not sufficient evidence to support the use of GLP‐1s to treat ED symptoms. In summary, more research is required before negative or positive conclusions can be drawn about the impact of GLP‐1As on EDs psychopathology. Herein, we provide specific recommendations for future research and a guide to help clinicians navigate discussions with their clients about GLP‐1As. A client handout is also provided. Public Significance: Despite glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1As; e.g., semaglutide) increasingly being the topic of clinical and public discourse, little is known about their potential impact on ED symptoms. It is possible that GLP‐1As could maintain, worsen, or improve ED symptoms. This article reviews the limited literature on GLP‐1As and ED symptoms, recommends future research, and provides clinicians with a guide for discussing GLP‐1As with ED clients.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review concludes that evidence is currently insufficient to support using GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1As) to treat eating disorder symptoms, including binge eating, and that GLP-1As may exacerbate, maintain, or contribute to ED pathology and interfere with ED treatment. It provides recommendations for future research and a clinician guide/client handout for discussing GLP-1As with ED populations.

Key findings

  • The authors found no convincing evidence to support GLP-1As for treating binge eating; research is mixed and limited by small samples, mostly open-label designs, and short durations.
  • In the only RCT identified in an ED population, 27 participants with binge eating disorder (mean BMI = 37.9 kg/m²) were randomized to liraglutide (n = 13, titrated to 3 mg daily) or placebo for 17 weeks; liraglutide showed greater numerical reduction in binge eating frequency and higher cessation, but findings were not significant, while percent weight loss was significantly greater with liraglutide (5.1%) versus placebo (0.9%).
  • In a secondary analysis of 150 participants with obesity, the group receiving intensive behavioral therapy plus liraglutide and a 1000–1200 kcal/day meal-replacement diet showed greater reductions in binge eating versus IBT alone; at 24 weeks liraglutide-treated groups showed greater reductions in dietary disinhibition, global ED psychopathology, and shape concern, but group differences were not significant at week 52.
  • Two open-label trials reported greater reductions in Binge Eating Scale scores and weight/BMI with liraglutide or dulaglutide versus comparators, but the authors note no studies of GLP-1As in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or other DSM-5 eating/feeding disorders beyond BED.

Methods

  • Narrative review and clinical guidance article; no new data were created or analyzed.
  • The authors reviewed preclinical animal models, one randomized controlled trial, open-label trials, and a retrospective cohort study on GLP-1As and eating/binge-eating outcomes.
  • Main analysis was qualitative synthesis of the limited literature, with recommendations for future research and a guide for clinicians discussing GLP-1As with clients.

Limitations

  • Stated: evidence is limited; studies have design limitations, small sample sizes, mostly open-label designs, and short durations; the BED RCT was limited by incorrect randomization of nine participants and inclusion of participants with low baseline binge frequency; outcome measures may not accurately detect pathological dietary restriction versus nonpathological restraint.
  • Stated: no studies were found in preclinical models of anorexia nervosa or in individuals with AN, BN, or other DSM-5-defined eating/feeding disorders beyond BED.
  • Evident: this is a narrative review rather than a systematic review or meta-analysis, and the clinical guide is based primarily on FDA and Health Canada recommendations, so applicability may vary by country.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/eat.24109

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 44 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    Preliminary research on the use of GLP-1As to treat binge eating has been conducted.

    “Preliminary research on the use of GLP-1As to treat binge eating has been conducted”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The authors have observed problematic use of GLP-1As in their clinical practices.

    “the authors have observed problematic use in their clinical practices”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    We also found two open-label trials of GLP-1As in individuals with binge-eating behavior.

    “We also found two open-label trials of GLP-1As in individuals with binge-eating behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    An open-label retrospective cohort study of individuals attending an obesity medicine and bariatric surgery clinic identified to have likely moderate to severe BED has been conducted.

    “an open-label retrospective cohort study of individuals attending an obesity medicine and bariatric surgery clinic identified to have likely moderate to severe BED (based on the BES) has been conducted (Richards et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Richards et al., 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    We found only one randomized controlled trial of a GLP-1A in the treatment of individuals with an ED.

    “We found only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a GLP-1As in the treatment of individuals with an ED.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26
  • May combine two claims. 24
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Literature on GLP-1As (mis)use in those with EDs has yet to be published.

    “While literature on GLP-1As (mis)use in those with eating disorders (EDs) has yet to be published”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    We found no studies of GLP-1As in preclinical models of AN or in individuals with AN, BN, or any other DSM-5-defined eating or feeding disorder beyond BED.

    “Importantly, we found no studies of GLP-1As in preclinical models of anorexia nervosa (AN) or in individuals with AN, bulimia nervosa (BN), or any other DSM-5-defined eating or feeding disorder beyond BED.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingnone given

    There is no evidence that GLP-1As help with psychological factors addressed by effective ED treatments.

    “there is no evidence that GLP-1As help with these things”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Effective treatments for eating disorders address psychological factors (e.g., thinking patterns, overconcern about weight, emotion regulation).

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Current research shows GLP-1As often result in weight loss in adults, but weight loss slows down or stops over time.

    “Current research shows that GLP-1As do often result in weight loss in adults; however, weight loss slows down or stops over time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GLP-1As slow gastric emptying and affect appetite-regulating neural pathways, which can increase satiety and reduce food intake in some individuals.

    “They also slow gastric emptying and affect appetite-regulating neural pathways, which can increase satiety and reduce food intake in some individuals (Ard et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ard et al., 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    It is possible that GLP-1As could maintain, worsen, or improve ED symptoms.

    “It is possible that GLP-1As could maintain, worsen, or improve ED symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    GLP-1As may exacerbate, or contribute to the development of, ED pathology.

    “GLP-1As may exacerbate, or contribute to the development of ED pathology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Jeffers et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lebow et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Malhotra & McElroy, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    More research is required before negative or positive conclusions can be drawn about the impact of GLP-1As on EDs psychopathology.

    “In summary, more research is required before negative or positive conclusions can be drawn about the impact of GLP-1As on EDs psychopathology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GLP-1As can increase satiety and decrease hunger, which may lead to dietary restriction.

    “In general, GLP-1As can increase satiety and decrease hunger, which may lead to dietary restriction (Shah & Vella, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shah & Vella, 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is possible that GLP-1As could exacerbate, or contribute to the development of, ED pathology and negatively impact ED treatment.

    “Although evidence is limited, it is possible that GLP-1As could exacerbate, or contribute to the development of, ED pathology and negatively impact ED treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Research regarding the use of GLP-1As to address binge eating is mixed and limited by small sample sizes, mostly open-label designs, and short study durations.

    “In sum, research regarding the use of GLP-1As to address binge eating is mixed and limited by small sample sizes, mostly open-label designs, and short study durations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If clients stop GLP-1As in the future, they may start binge eating more frequently again, as the source of their binge eating (energy restriction) was never fully addressed and GLP-1As are no longer masking the energy restriction.

    “if they stop GLP-1As in the future, they may start binge eating more frequently again, as the source of their binge eating (energy restriction) was never fully addressed and GLP-1As are no longer masking the energy restriction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Binge eating is often a physiological response to energy restriction.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    While research on this area remains scant, it is possible GLP-1As could cause, maintain, or worsen ED symptoms.

    “While research on this area remains scant, it is possible GLP-1As could cause, maintain, or worsen ED symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    GLP-1As effects on satiety/hunger could negatively impact ED treatment.

    “GLP-1As effects on satiety/hunger could negatively impact ED treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Evidence-based treatment for EDs requires the consumption of regular meals and snacks.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    GLP-1As stabilize blood glucose, slow gastric emptying, and impact brain appetite pathways.

    “GLP-1As stabilize blood glucose, help to slow the emptying of your stomach, and impact pathways in your brain that help control appetite.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Slowed gastric emptying may compromise clients' ability to eat with the required regularity and portion size recommended in ED treatment.

    “slowed gastric emptying may compromise clients' ability to eat with the required regularity and portion size recommended in ED treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Evidence-based treatment for EDs requires the consumption of regular meals and snacks.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Those receiving dulaglutide had statistically significantly greater reductions in BES scores, body weight, BMI, fat mass percentage, and HbA1C levels.

    “Those receiving dulaglutide had statistically significantly greater reductions in BES scores, body weight, BMI, fat mass percentage, and HbA1C levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Da Porto et al., 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    GLP-1As can impact absorption of oral medications taken at the same time.

    “GLP-1As can impact the absorption of oral medications you take at the same time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GLP-1As delay gastric emptying and can thus impact the absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications.

    “GLP-1As delay gastric emptying and can thus impact the absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications (FDA, 2022(FDA, , 2023)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites FDA, 2022

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites FDA, 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    GLP-1A use as an ED behavior could interfere with recovery (e.g., enable restriction, avoidance of natural body size, avoidance of learning control when eating fear foods).

    “Review that like other ED behaviors, this could interfere with recovery (e.g., enable restriction, avoidance of natural body size, avoidance of learning they can have control when eating fear foods).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of GLP-1As agonists in such a population (anorexia nervosa without type 2 diabetes misusing GLP-1As) is likely severely contraindicated.

    “The use of GLP-1As agonists in such a population is likely severely contraindicated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Such side effects may result in reduced interest in eating, further enabling dietary restriction and increase the risk of EDs in vulnerable individuals.

    “Such side effects may result in reduced interest in eating, further enabling dietary restriction and increase the risk of EDs in vulnerable individuals (see Richards & Khalsa, 2023”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Richards & Khalsa, 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Using GLP-1As to manage anxiety might prevent learning control over eating without GLP-1As or accepting natural body size.

    “It also might prevent them from learning they can have control over their eating without GLP-1As, or prevent them from accepting their natural body size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    People can use GLP-1As as an unhealthy way to manage anxiety about eating, body shape, or weight.

    “Sometimes people can use GLP-1As as an unhealthy way to manage their anxiety about their eating, their body shape or their body weight.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Unless clients are willing to take GLP-1As for the rest of their lives, research suggests they are likely to regain some or all of the weight that may be lost.

    “unless they are willing to take this medication for the rest of their lives, research suggests they are likely to regain some or all of the weight that may be lost.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    GLP-1As are not approved for type I diabetes at this time.

    “GLP-1As are not approved for type I diabetes at this time”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    GLP-1As can be associated with rare but more serious side effects such as pancreatitis, hypoglycemia, and diabetic retinopathy complications.

    “GLP-1As can also be associated with rare, but more serious side effects (e.g., pancreatitis, hypoglycemia, diabetic retinopathy complications).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Results suggested semaglutide resulted in significantly larger reductions in BES scores than those receiving topiramate or LDX, and semaglutide plus topiramate or LDX was not superior to semaglutide alone.

    “Results suggested semaglutide resulted in significantly larger reductions in BES scores than those receiving topiramate or LDX, and semaglutide plus topiramate or LDX was not superior to semaglutide alone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Richards et al., 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    ED symptoms could have delayed onset due to attenuating medication effects over time and symptom rebound with medication discontinuation.

    “ED symptoms could have a delayed onset due to attenuating medication effects over time and symptom rebound with medication discontinuation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At 24 weeks, liraglutide-treated groups showed greater reductions in dietary disinhibition, global ED psychopathology, and shape concern than IBT alone.

    “At 24 weeks, the liraglutide-treated groups showed greater reductions in dietary disinhibition, global ED psychopathology, and shape concern than the IBT alone group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chao et al., 2019

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Liraglutide-treated individuals showed significantly greater reductions in BES scale scores, body weight, and BMI.

    “Liraglutide-treated individuals showed significantly greater reductions in BES scale scores, body weight, and BMI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Robert et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There is not currently available research on the use of GLP-1As in clients with diabulimia.

    “as there is not currently available research on the use of GLP-1As in clients with diabulimia”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    GLP-1As have been approved in the USA, Canada, and other countries to help with management of type II diabetes or weight loss in certain populations.

    “GLP-1As have been approved in the USA, Canada, and other countries to help with management of type II diabetes or weight loss in certain populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Common side effects of GLP-1As include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.

    “Common side effects in this class of medications include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Liraglutide recipients showed a greater numerical reduction in binge eating frequency and a higher rate of cessation of binge eating, but findings were not significant.

    “Liraglutide recipients showed a greater numerical reduction in binge eating frequency and a higher rate of cessation of binge eating, but findings were not significant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allison et al., 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    GLP-1As can increase fullness/satisfaction and reduce food intake.

    “This can increase your sense of fullness /satisfaction and thus reduce your food intake”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Oral routes of GLP-1A administration may increase risk of misuse.

    “Oral routes of administration, while useful for those appropriately utilizing GLP-1As, may increase the risk of misuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    GLP-1A use can function as an ED behavior (e.g., compensatory behavior, appetite suppressant, fluid loading).

    “GLP-1As agonist can function as an ED behavior, as the medication can be used to manage anxiety about weight, shape or eating (e.g., like a compensatory behavior, appetite suppressant, fluid loading).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Delayed-onset symptoms could include rebound binge eating and compensatory behaviors.

    “Delayed-onset symptoms could include rebound binge eating that occurs when the effect of dietary restriction is no longer masked by diminished medication effects, and compensatory behaviors in response to rebound binging and/or fear of weight regain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    GLP-1As are not approved for the treatment of binge eating.

    “GLP-1As are not approved for the treatment of binge eating”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    GLP-1As can increase restriction and could contribute to binge eating.

    “Because of the appetite suppressant effects, GLP-1As can increase restriction and could contribute to binge eating.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Binge eating is often a physiological response to energy restriction.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These effects could hinder ED treatment because regular eating is essential for ED recovery.

    “These effects could hinder your eating disorder treatment, as regular eating is essential for eating disorder recovery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Regular eating is essential for eating disorder recovery.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Participants may report greater dietary restraint, decreases in binge frequency, and experience weight loss, but potentially with the trade-off of engaging in pathological degrees of dietary restriction-a symptom that would not be easily detected with the outcome measures used.

    “participants may report greater dietary restraint, decreases in binge frequency, and experience weight loss, but potentially with the trade-off of engaging in pathological degrees of dietary restriction-a symptom that would not be easily detected with the outcome measures used.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
43 of 43

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    GLP-1As are being used as approved or off-label treatments for weight loss.

    “They have also been used as FDA and Health Canada approved and off-label treatments for weight loss.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Evidence-based treatment for EDs requires the consumption of regular meals and snacks.

    “As evidence-based treatment for EDs requires the consumption of regular meals and snacks”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Trials examining the use of GLP-1As for weight loss were conducted in conjunction with caloric restriction.

    “trials examining the use of GLP-1As for weight loss were studied in conjunction with caloric restriction”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Binge eating is often a physiological response to energy restriction.

    “binge eating is often a physiological response to energy restriction”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Research on the long-term health effects of GLP-1As is ongoing.

    “research on the long-term health effects of GLP-1As is ongoing”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Regular eating is essential for eating disorder recovery.

    “regular eating is essential for eating disorder recovery”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    GLP-1As are not approved for the treatment of eating disorders.

    “GLP-1As are not approved for the treatment of EDs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Effective treatments for eating disorders address psychological factors (e.g., thinking patterns, overconcern about weight, emotion regulation).

    “effective treatments for eating disorders address psychological factors (e.g., thinking patterns, overconcern about weight, emotion regulation)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many people stop or significantly reduce their binge eating and learn to accept their body via therapy without GLP-1As.

    “many people stop or significantly reduce their binge eating and learn to accept their body via therapy without GLP-1As”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Semaglutide is often prescribed in conjunction with caloric restriction.

    “drugs like semaglutide are often prescribed to occur in conjunction with caloric restriction”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Caloric restriction is not consistent with eating disorder treatment.

    “which is not consistent with ED treatment”
11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Patients at higher risk of inadequate intake include older adults and individuals with restrictive food beliefs or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID).

    “Patients at higher risk include older adults [25] and individuals with restrictive food beliefs or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) [26], where substantial reductions in appetite may exacerbate inadequate intake.”

    From Unintended Consequences of Obesity Pharmacotherapy: A Nutritional Approach to Ensuring Better Patient Outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as [26]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Contributor's surname differs between sections

    Minor

    The author contributions name Danielle Levangie, whereas the Figure 1 credit names Danielle Lavangie.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Fairburn C. G., 2008, Cognitive behavior therapy and EDs

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Bartel, S., McElroy, S. L., Levangie, D., & Keshen, A.
Affiliations
  • Nova Scotia Health Authority (CA)
  • Lindner Center of HOPE (US)
  • Dalhousie University (CA)
Corresponding author
Bartel, Sara
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Eating Disorders
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2023-12-22
Volume
57
Issue
2
Pages
286-293
ISSN
  • 0276-3478 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-108X
DOI
10.1002/eat.24109
OpenAlex
W4390144444
Semantic Scholar
2b5ca28947e58aa8e820fce12e590032eaf17ea0
Cited by
81
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 17
FWCI
4.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Eating Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
GLP-1 receptor agonists, eating disorders, semaglutide, binge eating, weight loss treatment, off-label drug use, eating disorder symptoms
MeSH terms
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Binge-Eating Disorder

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