Sweet tooth: Elephants detect fruit sugar levels based on scent alone
Open accessAbstract
The ability to assess food quality is crucial to all organisms. Fleshy fruits are a major source of nutrients to various animals, and unlike most food sources, have evolved to be attractive and to be consumed by animals to promote seed dispersal. It has recently been established that fruit scent—the bouquet of volatile chemicals emitted by ripe fruit—is an evolved communication system between plants and animals. Further, it has been argued that chemicals that are synthesized from sugar and its products may be an honest signal for sugar content and fruit quality. Elephants are important seed dispersers for numerous species and possess an olfactory system that is likely to outperform most other animals. We tested the hypothesis that fruit scent signifies sugar content and that elephants are capable of assessing fruit sugar levels based on scent alone. Using a paired‐choice test of marula fruits (Sclerocarya birrea) by semitame African elephants, we show that elephants are capable of identifying more sugar‐rich fruits based on scent alone and that this is likely based on two chemical compounds: ethanol and ethyl acetate, both downstream products of sugar fermentation. These results shed light on the mechanisms driving elephant feeding ecology, plant signaling, and the coevolutionary process between angiosperms and animal seed dispersers.
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African savanna elephants can use olfactory cues to discriminate between preferred and nonpreferred plants, between fruits with different sugar levels, and between odors of closely related human family members, including sibling pairs.
“African savanna elephants can use olfactory cues to discriminate between preferred and nonpreferred plants (Schmitt et al., 2018), between fruits with different sugar levels (Nevo et al., 2020), and between odors of closely related human family members, including sibling pairs (in a match-to-sample task; von Dürckheim et al., 2018).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Nevo et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Nevo, O., Schmitt, M. H., Ayasse, M., & Valenta, K.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nevo, Omer
- Venue
- Ecology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-09-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 11399-11407
- ISSN
- 2045-7758 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7593167
- OpenAlex
- W3085773356
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecology and Evolution (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (NE 2156/1‐1, NE 2156/1‐2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- elephants, sugar detection, olfaction, marula, seed dispersal, plant-animal coevolution, plant chemical signaling, ethanol, ethyl acetate, feeding ecology, food quality assessment
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