African elephants use plant odours to make foraging decisions across multiple spatial scales
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
African savanna elephants can use olfactory cues to discriminate between preferred and nonpreferred plants, between fruits with different sugar levels, and between odors of closely related human family members, including sibling pairs.
“African savanna elephants can use olfactory cues to discriminate between preferred and nonpreferred plants (Schmitt et al., 2018), between fruits with different sugar levels (Nevo et al., 2020), and between odors of closely related human family members, including sibling pairs (in a match-to-sample task; von Dürckheim et al., 2018).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Schmitt et al., 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance
Anderson, M. J. (2001) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x · Cited by 13,828 · see citing works
Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem
Charnov, E. L. (1976) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/0040-5809(76)90040-x · Cited by 5,374 · see citing works
Resource Availability and Plant Antiherbivore Defense
Coley, P. D., Bryant, J. P., & Chapin, F. S. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.230.4728.895 · Cited by 3,918 · see citing works
Schoener, T. W. (1971) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.02.110171.002101 · Cited by 3,558 · see citing works
Optimal Foraging: A Selective Review of Theory and Tests
Pyke, G. H., Pulliam, H. R., & Charnov, E. L. (1977) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/409852 · Cited by 3,353 · see citing works
Herbivores: Their interaction with secondary plant metabolites
Chapman, R. F. (1980) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/0968-0004(80)90169-3 · Cited by 1,433 · see citing works
Strategies in Herbivory by Mammals: The Role of Plant Secondary Compounds
Freeland, W. J., & Janzen, D. H. (1974) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/282907 · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
Large herbivore foraging and ecological hierarchies
Senft, R. L., Coughenour, M. B., Bailey, D. W., Rittenhouse, L. R., Sala, O. E., & Swift, D. M. (1987) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1310545 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Wake Up and Smell the Roses: The Ecology and Evolution of Floral Scent
Raguso, R. A. (2008) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095601 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Terpene synthases and the regulation, diversity and biological roles of terpene metabolism
Tholl, D. (2006) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.03.014 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Evolution of plant chemical defense against herbivores
Rhoades, D. F. (1979) · Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Gas chromatographic characterization of organic substances in the retention index system.
Kováts, E. S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Searching Behaviour: The Behavioural Ecology of Finding Resources
Bell, W. J. (1991) · Cited by 601 · see citing works
An Analysis of Diet Selection by Large Generalist Herbivores
Westoby, M. (1974) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/282908 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
The Ontogeny of Plant Defense and Herbivory: Characterizing General Patterns Using Meta‐Analysis
Barton, K. E., & Koricheva, J. (2010) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/650722 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Physiological and physicochemical controls on foliar volatile organic compound emissions
Niinemets, Ü., Loreto, F., & Reichstein, M. (2004) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.02.006 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Plant Defenses Against Mammalian Herbivory
Robbins, C. T., & Palo, R. T. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Searching Behavior Patterns in Insects
Bell, W. J. (1990) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.002311 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Foraging theory upscaled: the behavioural ecology of herbivore movement
Owen‐Smith, N., Fryxell, J. M., & Merrill, E. H. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0095 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection
Hughes, R. N. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75118-9 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Environmental and plant community determinants of species loss following nitrogen enrichment
Clark, C. M., Cleland, E. E., Collins, S. L., Fargione, J., Gough, L., Gross, K. L., Pennings, S. C., Suding, K. N., & Grace, J. B. (2007) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01053.x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Generalized Estimating Equations in Longitudinal Data Analysis: A Review and Recent Developments
Wang, M. (2014) · Advances in Statistics · doi:10.1155/2014/303728 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Condensed tannins deter feeding by browsing ruminants in a South African savanna
Cooper, S. M., & Owen‐Smith, N. (1985) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00378466 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Diet learning by domestic ruminants: Theory, evidence and practical implications
Provenza, F. D., & Balph, D. F. (1987) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(87)90218-8 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Ungulate foraging strategies: energy maximizing or time minimizing?
Bergman, C. M., Fryxell, J. M., Gates, C. C., & Fortin, D. (2001) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00496.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Plant VOC emissions: making use of the unavoidable
Peñuelas, J. (2004) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.06.002 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Forage quality and patch choice by wapiti (Cervus elaphus)
Wilmshurst, J., Fryxell, J. M., & Hudsonb, R. J. (1995) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/6.2.209 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Harper, R. J., Almirall, J. R., & Furton, K. G. (2005) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.05.019 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Conditioned Flavor Aversion: A Mechanism for Goats to Avoid Condensed Tannins in Blackbrush
Provenza, F. D., Burritt, E. A., Clausen, T. P., Bryant, J. P., Reichardt, P. B., & Distel, R. A. (1990) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285133 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Forging at Different Spatial Scales: Dorcas Gazelles Foraging for Lilies in the Negev Desert
Ward, D., & Saltz, D. (1994) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1939381 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationSearching behaviour: The behavioural ecology of finding resources
Dempster, J. P. (1991) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90050-j · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Generalized Estimating Equations ( GEE )
Hardin, J. W. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/0470013192.bsa250 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in cows, goats, and sheep
Jacobs, G. H., Deegan, J. F., & Neitz, J. (1998) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523898153154 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The influence of bite size on foraging at larger spatial and temporal scales by mammalian herbivores
Shipley, L. A. (2007) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15974.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Foraging currencies, metabolism and behavioural routines
Houston, A. I., & McNamara, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12096 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
Owen‐Smith, N., & Chafota, J. (2012) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/11-mamm-a-350.1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The Role of Satisficing in Foraging Theory
Ward, D. (1992) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545394 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationDiet selection in mammalian herbivores : constraints and tactics
Illius, A. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Hungry for quality—individual bumblebees forage flexibly to collect high-quality pollen
Ruedenauer, F. A., Spaethe, J., & Leonhardt, S. D. (2016) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2129-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Dietary Preference of Dairy Cows Grazing Ryegrass and White Clover
Rutter, S. M., Orr, R. J., Yarrow, N. H., & Champion, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73281-6 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Searching behavior and use of sampling information by free-ranging bison (Bos bison)
Fortin, D. (2003) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0599-y · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Constraints on Diet Selection and Foraging Behaviour in Mammalian Herbivores
Illius, A. W., & Gordon, I. J. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75118-9_19 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Forest or the trees: At what scale do elephants make foraging decisions?
Shrader, A. M., Bell, C., Bertolli, L., & Ward, D. (2011) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.09.009 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationPhylogenetic correlations among chemical and physical plant defenses change with ontogeny.
Kariñho-Betancourt, E., Agrawal, A., Halitschke, R., & Núñez-Farfán, J. (2015) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13300 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Understanding and manipulating diet choice in grazing animals
Villalba, J. J., Provenza, F. D., Catanese, F., & Distel, R. A. (2015) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an14449 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Relationships of Taste, Smell, Sight, and Touch to Forage Selection
Krueger, W. C., Laycock, W. A., & Price, D. A. (1974) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3896818 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Assessing Food Preferences of Ungulates by Acceptability Indices
Owen‐Smith, N., & Cooper, S. M. (1987) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3801019 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Plant Communication from an Ecological Perspective
Baluška, F., & Ninkovic, V. (2010) · Signaling and communication in plants · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Herbivores as architects of savannas: inducing and modifying spatial vegetation patterning
de Knegt, H. J., Groen, T. A., van de Vijver, C. A. D. M., Prins, H. H. T., & van Langevelde, F. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16403.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Influence of patch characteristics on browsing of tree seedlings by mammalian herbivores
Pietrzykowski, E., McArthur, C., Fitzgerald, H., & Goodwin, A. (2003) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00809.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Diet selection of African elephant over time shows changing optimization currency
Pretorius, Y., Stigter, J. D., de Boer, W. F., van Wieren, S. E., de Jong, C. B., de Knegt, H. J., Grant, C. C., HEITKÖNIG, I. M. A., Knox, N. M., Kohi, E. M., et al. (2012) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.19680.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Rogošić, J., Estell, R. E., Škobić, D., Martinović, A., & Talić, S. (2006) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9084-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A key role for floral scent in a wasp-pollination system in Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae)
Shuttleworth, A., & Johnson, S. D. (2008) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcn261 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationBedoya‐Pérez, M. A., Isler, I., Banks, P. B., & McArthur, C. (2013) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2801-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Maximizing Energy Retention in Grazing Ruminants
Murray, M. G. (1991) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5429 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Visual acuity of cattle determined by the method of discrimination learning
ENTSU, S., Dohi, H., & Yamada, A. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80052-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Foraging strategies of cattle in a Y-maze: influence of food availability
Hosoi, E., Rittenhouse, L. R., Swift, D. M., & Richards, R. W. (1995) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(95)00565-a · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Klaassen, R. H. G., Nolet, B. A., van Gils, J. A., & Bauer, S. (2006) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.04.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The eye of the domesticated sheep with implications for vision
PIGGINS, D. J., & Phillips, C. J. C. (1996) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s1357729800014612 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Patterns of diet mixing by sheep offered foods varying in nutrients and plant secondary compounds
Papachristou, T. G., Dziba, L., Villalba, J. J., & Provenza, F. D. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.015 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
An interdisciplinary approach to foraging behavior
Green, R. F. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0002094x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kyriazakis, I., Anderson, D., & Duncan, A. J. (1998) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19980009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Miller, A. K., Hensman, M. C., Hensman, S., Schultz, K., Reid, P., Shore, M., Brown, J. S., Furton, K. G., & Lee, S. J. (2015) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2015.08.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Olfactory and visual plant cues as drivers of selective herbivory
Stutz, R. S., Croak, B. M., Proschogo, N. W., Banks, P. B., & McArthur, C. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03422 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Leaf odour cues enable non‐random foraging by mammalian herbivores
Finnerty, P. B., Stutz, R. S., Price, C. J., Banks, P. B., & McArthur, C. (2017) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12748 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Follow your nose: leaf odour as an important foraging cue for mammalian herbivores
Stutz, R. S., Banks, P. B., Proschogo, N. W., & McArthur, C. (2016) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3678-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Plant secondary compounds as complementary resources: are they always complementary?
Copani, G., Hall, J. O., Miller, J., Priolo, A., & Villalba, J. J. (2012) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2551-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Schmitt, M. H., Ward, D., & Shrader, A. M. (2016) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.03.016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationHerbivore search behaviour drives associational plant refuge
Stutz, R. S., Banks, P. B., Dexter, N., & McArthur, C. (2015) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2015.05.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bedoya‐Pérez, M. A., Issa, D. D., Banks, P. B., & McArthur, C. (2014) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-014-2980-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ward, D., Shrestha, M. K., & Golan‐Goldhirsh, A. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr276 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBazely, D. R., & Bazely, D. R. (1988) · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · doi:10.5287/ora-yjydjj476 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cohen, Y. A., Pastor, J., & Moen, R. A. (1999) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/s0304-3800(98)00127-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Elk Foraging Site Selection on Foothill and Mountain Rangeland in Spring
Crane, K. K., Mosley, J. C., Mosley, T. K., Frost, R. A., Smith, M., Fuller, W. L., & Tess, M. W. (2016) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2016.04.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shuttleworth, A. (2016) · Biochemical Systematics and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.bse.2016.03.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationPresentation order affects decisions made by foraging hummingbirds
Morgan, K. V., Hurly, T. A., Martin, L., & Healy, S. D. (2015) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-015-2017-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A parsimonious optimal foraging model explaining mortality patterns in Serengeti wildebeest
Ward, D. (2010) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.06.022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Helle, T. (1984). Foraging behaviour of the semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) in relation to snow in Finnish Lapland Report from Kevo Subarctic Research Station (Vol. 19, pp. 35-47): Kevo Subarctic Research Station, Utsjoki, Finland.
- Krebs, J. R., & McCleery, R. H. (1984). Individual optimization in behavioural ecology. In J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach (Vol. 91-12). Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Scientific.
- Schmitt, M. H. (2017). The influences of plant secondary metabolites on the forgaging behaviour and carrying capacities for the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Elephants have a nose for quantity
Plotnik, J. M., Brubaker, D. L., Dale, R., Tiller, L. N., Mumby, H. S., & Clayton, N. S. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1818284116 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Chock, R. Y., Clucas, B., Peterson, E. K., Blackwell, B. F., Blumstein, D. T., Church, K., Fernández‐Juricic, E., Francescoli, G., Greggor, A. L., Kemp, P. S., et al. (2020) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.319 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Finnerty, P. B., McArthur, C., Banks, P. B., Price, C. J., & Shrader, A. M. (2022) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biac039 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationJaniak, M. C., Pinto, S. L., Duytschaever, G., Carrigan, M. A., & Melin, A. D. (2020) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0070 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants
Montgomery, R. A., Raupp, J., Mukhwana, M., Greenleaf, A., Mudumba, T., & Muruthi, P. M. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
McArthur, C., Finnerty, P. B., Schmitt, M. H., Shuttleworth, A., & Shrader, A. M. (2019) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.07.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmitt, M. H., Shuttleworth, A., Shrader, A. M., & Ward, D. (2019) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.06665 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationSweet tooth: Elephants detect fruit sugar levels based on scent alone
Nevo, O., Schmitt, M. H., Ayasse, M., & Valenta, K. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6777 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationClimatic and Resource Determinants of Forest Elephant Movements
Beirne, C., Meier, A. C., Brumagin, G., Jasperse‐Sjolander, L., Lewis, M. B., Masseloux, J., Myers, K., Fay, M., Okouyi, J., WHITE, L. J. T., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00096 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Chibeya, D., Wood, H., Cousins, S. A. O., Carter, K. D., Nyirenda, M. A., & Maseka, H. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8177 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
African elephants can detect water from natural and artificial sources via olfactory cues
Wood, M., Chamaillé‐Jammes, S., Hammerbacher, A., & Shrader, A. M. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01531-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationFruit Scent: Biochemistry, Ecological Function, and Evolution
Nevo, O., & Ayasse, M. (2020) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_33 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anoop, N. R., Krishnan, S., & Ganesh, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2023.1142325 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Chemical Ecology of Elephants: 21st Century Additions to Our Understanding and Future Outlooks
Schulte, B. A., & LaDue, C. A. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11102860 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Moyo, B., Tavengwa, N. T., & Madala, N. E. (2022) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112501 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The use of a human’s location and social cues by Asian elephants in an object-choice task
Ketchaisri, O., Siripunkaw, C., & Plotnik, J. M. (2019) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01283-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ward, D., Schmitt, M. H., & Shrader, A. M. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6698 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe sensory ecology of fear: African elephants show aversion to olfactory predator signals
Valenta, K., Schmitt, M. H., Ayasse, M., & Nevo, O. (2020) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.333 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe importance of sensory perception in an elephant's cognitive world
Jacobson, S. L., & Plotnik, J. M. (2020) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2020.150006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Acknowledging the Relevance of Elephant Sensory Perception to Human–Elephant Conflict Mitigation
Ball, R., Jacobson, S. L., Rudolph, M. S., Trapani, M. R., & Plotnik, J. M. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12081018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hirata, M., Arimoto, C., Hattori, N., & Anzai, H. (2019) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01268-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The power of odour cues in shaping fine-scale search patterns of foraging mammalian herbivores
Orlando, C. G., Tews, A. D., Banks, P. B., & McArthur, C. (2020) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0329 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nobler, J. D., Camp, M. J., Crowell, M. M., Shipley, L. A., Dadabay, C., Rachlow, J. L., James, L., & Forbey, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-018-1030-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Olfactory misinformation provides refuge to palatable plants from mammalian browsing
Finnerty, P. B., Possell, M., Banks, P. B., Orlando, C. G., Price, C. J., Shrader, A. M., & McArthur, C. (2024) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02330-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationTerpenes May Serve as Feeding Deterrents and Foraging Cues for Mammalian Herbivores
Skopec, M. M., Adams, R. P., & MUIR, J. P. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-019-01117-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Scogings, P. F., Demmer, S., & Hattas, D. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-021-01258-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tiller, L. N., Oniba, E., Opira, G., Brennan, E., King, L. E., Ndombi, V., Wanjala, D. K., & Robertson, M. R. (2022) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d14070509 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lautenschlager, S., Aston, R. F., Baron, J. L., Boyd, J. R., Bridger, H. W. L., Carmona, V. E. T., Ducrey, T., Eccles, O., Gall, M., Jones, S. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2295518 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Navon, S., Kigel, J., Dudai, N., Knaanie, A., Glasser, T. A., Shachter, A., & Ungar, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-019-01124-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Orlando, C. G., Possell, M., Price, C. J., Banks, P. B., Mercorelli, L. R., & McArthur, C. (2022) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.18432 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hope, S. F., Willgohs, K. R., Dittakul, S., & Plotnik, J. M. (2025) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-024-00655-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Megaherbivore browsers vs. tannins: is being big enough?
Schmitt, M. H., Shrader, A. M., & Ward, D. (2020) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04784-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationFinnerty, P. B., Shrader, A. M., Banks, P. B., Schmitt, M. H., & McArthur, C. (2024) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14665 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe deterrent effects of individual monoterpene odours on the dietary decisions of African elephants
Bester, T., Schmitt, M. H., & Shrader, A. M. (2023) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-023-01755-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMoyo, B., Novokoza, Y., Tavengwa, N. T., Kuhnert, N., Lobb, K. A., & Madala, N. E. (2023) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.9592 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
DiPaola, J. D., Yindee, M., & Plotnik, J. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65898-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
White bark in birch species as a warning signal for bark-stripping mammals
Ireland, H. M., & Ruxton, G. D. (2022) · Plant Ecology & Diversity · doi:10.1080/17550874.2022.2122754 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Investigating intentionality in elephant gestural communication
Eleuteri, V., Bates, L. A., Masarira, Y. N., Plotnik, J. M., Hobaiter, C., & Stoeger, A. S. (2025) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.242203 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cephalopods as a Natural Sensor-Display Feedback System Inspiring Adaptive Technologies
Sumathirathne, L., Kim, T., Bower, D. Q., & Deravi, L. F. (2023) · ECS Sensors Plus · doi:10.1149/2754-2726/acdbdc · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hirata, M., & Kusatake, N. (2020) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-020-01422-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Köhler, E., & Bollig, M. (2025) · Review of Regional Research · doi:10.1007/s10037-025-00230-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moyo, B., & Madala, N. E. (2023) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2023.12.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An agent-based model of elephant crop raid dynamics in the Periyar–Agasthyamalai complex, India
Purathekandy, A., Oommen, M. A., Wikelski, M. C., & Subramani, D. (2024) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110843 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A mechanistic understanding of repellent function against mammalian herbivores
Stutz, R. S., Verschuur, L., Leimar, O., & Bergvall, U. A. (2019) · Ecological Processes · doi:10.1186/s13717-019-0179-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moyo, B., Tavengwa, N. T., Dubery, I. A., & Madala, N. E. (2023) · Journal of Plant Interactions · doi:10.1080/17429145.2023.2266511 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mulder, T., Mortimer, B., Ferwerda, J. G., & Vollrath, F. W. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307520 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schmitt, M. H., Rudolph, M. S., Jacobson, S. L., & Plotnik, J. M. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71896 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPandraud, A., Shrader, A. M., Tshipa, A., Ngwenya, N., & Chamaillé‐Jammes, S. (2022) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-022-05148-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating Indirect and Direct Reputation Formation in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)
Jim, H.-L., Range, F., Marshall‐Pescini, S., Dale, R., & Plotnik, J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.604372 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bester, T., Schmitt, M. H., & Shrader, A. M. (2023) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arad059 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGrant, L. S., McArthur, C., Banks, P. B., Possell, M., & Price, C. J. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110465 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jacobson, S. L., & Plotnik, J. M. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781118968543.oth6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Factors driving the discovery and utilization of a newly available area by African elephants
Pandraud, A., Shrader, A. M., Sholto‐Douglas, C., & Chamaillé‐Jammes, S. (2020) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467420000097 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPicking pithy plants: Pith selectivity by wild white‐faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus imitator
DePasquale, A. N., Poirier, A. C., Mah, M. A., Suarez, C. V., Guadamuz, A., Hernández, S. C., Navarro, R. L., Hogan, J. D., Rothman, J. M., Nevo, O., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23549 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Valenta, K., Schmitt, M. H., Ayasse, M., & Nevo, O. (2020) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.306 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedFruit Scent: Biochemistry, Ecological Function, and Evolution
Nevo, O., & Ayasse, M. (2018) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76887-8_33-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schmitt, M., Rudolph, M., Jacobson, S., & Plotnik, J. (2023) · doi:10.32942/x26w26 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWuensch, M. A., Eagar, A. C., Gangoda, M. E., & Ward, D. C. (2023) · doi:10.22541/au.169243565.52109691/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCan African elephants use leaf colour as a visual cue when making foraging decisions?
Peinke, C. L., & Shrader, A. M. (2025) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-025-01972-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationOdour information enables African elephants to detect differences in food quantity from afar
Fourie, T., Finnerty, P. B., & Shrader, A. M. (2026) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0576 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGomez, S., Boyers, M., Caron, A., Cornélis, D., de Knegt, H., Garine-Wichatitsky, M. D., Eikelboom, J. A. J., Kilian, J. W., Owen‐Smith, N., Prin, T., et al. (2026) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-025-05860-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAbraham, J. O., Stahl, M. K., Kurukura, S., Hassan, A. A., Goheen, J. R., Palmer, T. M., Kartzinel, T. R., & Pringle, R. M. (2026) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70445 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Browser Population–Woody Vegetation Relationships in Savannas
Schmitt, M. H., & Shrader, A. M. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119081111.ch9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEleuteri, V., Železnik, J., Schulte, B. A., von Dürckheim, K. E. M., & Stoeger, A. S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29068-8.00221-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the Social Minds of Elephants
Pirutinsky, E. A. K., & Plotnik, J. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564113.020
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564113.014
Tilley, H. B., Wierucka, K., Plotnik, J. M., Dierenfeld, E. S., Phalke, S., Dingle, C., Bonebrake, T. C., & Mumby, H. S. (2026) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2026.107076
- Authors
- Schmitt, M. H., Shuttleworth, A., Ward, D., & Shrader, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Schmitt, Melissa H.
- Venue
- Animal Behaviour
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 141
- Pages
- 17-27
- ISSN
- 0003-3472 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2806700779
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Animal Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of South Africa (90448, 90691, 97262, 77582)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- Loxodonta africana, olfactory cues, plant odor, patch selection, plant selection, volatile organic compounds, odour profile, foraging efficiency, spatial scale
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review