Historical insights into cytokines
Open accessAbstract
Cytokines affect nearly every biological process; these include embryonic development, disease pathogenesis, non-specific response to infection, specific response to antigen, changes in cognitive functions and progression of the degenerative processes of aging. In addition, cytokines are part of stem cell differentiation, vaccine efficacy and allograft rejection. This short insight focuses on the milestones in cytokine biology and how the various and often contradictory activities of these small, non-structural proteins affected the fields of inflammation and immunology. Multiple biological properties or pleiotropism is the hallmark of a cytokine. Today, the term "cytokine" encompasses interferons, the interleukins, the chemokine family, mesenchymal growth factors, the tumor necrosis factor family and adipokines. As of this writing, 33 cytokines are called interleukins, but many are part of families of related but distinct gene products. There are certainly over 100 separate genes coding for cytokine-like activities, many with overlapping functions and many still unexplored. Also discussed in this overview are the failures and successes of cytokines as therapeutic targets. A recent advance in the field has been that of differential cytokine production, which can be used to classify human disease as being "autoimmune" or "autoinflammatory" thus impacting on therapeutic interventions.
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Over 100 different proteins are known as cytokines.
“They were discovered in the early 60–70s, and today, over 100 different proteins are known as cytokines (5).”
From Macrophage Cytokines: Involvement in Immunity and Infectious Diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
Peripheral organs and immune cells can produce cytokines that participate in inter-organ communication.
“Peripheral organs and immune cells can also produce smaller bioactive proteins, namely cytokines 1, that also participate in inter‐organ communication.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Dinarello, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dinarello, Charles A.
- Venue
- European Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S34-S45
- ISSN
- 0014-2980 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4141
- PMC
- PMC3140102
- OpenAlex
- W2084001707
- Semantic Scholar
- b33ed592feaff8a64f2a5a7cf441fa6fd44aeebe
- Cited by
- 926
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (15614, AI‐15614)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI‑15614, R56AI015614, R01AI015614)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Historical Medical Research and Treatments
- Keywords
- cytokines, pleiotropy, interferon, interleukins, chemokines, tumor necrosis factor family, adipokines, inflammation, cytokine therapy, autoimmune disease, autoinflammatory disease, stem cell differentiation, vaccine efficacy, allograft rejection
- MeSH terms
- Allergy and Immunology, Animals, Humans, Cytokines, History, 20th Century
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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