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The who's who of T ‐cell differentiation: Human memory T ‐cell subsets
Open accessAbstract
Following antigen encounter and subsequent resolution of the immune response, a single naïve T cell is able to generate multiple subsets of memory T cells with different phenotypic and functional properties and gene expression profiles. Single‐cell technologies, first and foremost flow cytometry, have revealed the complex heterogeneity of the memory T ‐cell compartment and its organization into subsets. However, a consensus has still to be reached, both at the semantic (nomenclature) and phenotypic level, regarding the identification of these subsets. Here, we review recent developments in the characterization of the heterogeneity of the memory T ‐cell compartment, and propose a unified classification of both human and nonhuman primate T cells on the basis of phenotypic traits and in vivo properties. Given that vaccine studies and adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy protocols are influenced by these recent findings, it is important to use uniform methods for identifying and discussing functionally distinct subsets of T cells.
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“Multidimensional flow cytometry with up to 40 parameters enables a deeper phenotyping and characterization of the immune system, which is required as cellular subsets require more and more markers for accurate definition [81].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
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“Moreover, by tSNE, we confirmed that TCMs further differentiated into transitional memory T cells (TTMs) in vitro during viral outgrowth (Figures 4C and 4D) as a logical consequence after stimulation.”
From Revealing viral and cellular dynamics of HIV-1 at the single-cell level during early treatment periods (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
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“The patient showed increased number of CD8 + T cells, which showed a more activated and differentiated phenotype as indicated by an elevated proportion of HLA-DR + or CD38 + cells (7).”
From A Novel Homozygous RHOH Variant Associated with T Cell Dysfunction and Recurrent Opportunistic Infections (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“a small population of memory T cells endowed with elevated proliferative and self-renewal capacities has been identified within the CD45RA+CCR7+ naïve T-cell gate. These cells have been termed stem cell-like memory (Tscm) cells [140] and can be distinguished from truly naïve T cells based on the expression of the FAS receptor (CD95) (Figure 8A) [81].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
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“Both the CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell subsets displayed a signi cantly lower proportion of CD28 + cells, suggesting a decrease in naïve T cell which express a high level of differentiation marker CD28 (7).”
From A Novel Homozygous RHOH Variant Associated with T Cell Dysfunction and Recurrent Opportunistic Infections (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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Systemic CD4 Immunity and PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy
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“These subsets can also be defined by the expression of functional molecules such as CD62L, required for migration and CD69 which is linked to activation and proliferation [36].”
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Genetic Influence on the Peripheral Blood CD4+T-cell Differentiation Status in CMV Infection
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ResultAn investigation into the modulation of T cell phenotypes by amitriptyline and nortriptyline
Royds, J., Conroy, M. J., Dunne, M. R., McCrory, C. R., & Lysaght, J. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.106 · Cited by 16
The many faces of islet antigen‐specific CD8 T cells: clues to clinical outcome in type 1 diabetes
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A transcriptome-based model of central memory CD4 T cell death in HIV infection
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Monserrat, J., Heras, C. B., Gomez-Lahoz, A. M., Movasat, A., Pérez, A., Ruiz, L., Díaz, D., Chara, L. E., Sánchez, A. I., Albarrán, F., et al. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8080871 · Cited by 16
“The main difference in the expression of these surface antigens is the kinetic of their loss along the different T activation/differentiation stages [9,10].”
BackgroundChagasic cardiomyopathy is marked by a unique signature of activated CD4+ T cells
Almeida, G. G., Rimkutė, I., do Vale, I. N. P. C., Liechti, T., Henriques, P. M., Roffê, E., de Araújo, F. F., Rocha, M. O. D. C., Santos, S. M. E., Martins‐Filho, O. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03761-5 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, previous data have described an antigen-experienced population, named stem cell memory T cells (TSCM), that displays strong multipotency and can give rise to all memory subsets [30, 31] and is characterized by expressing a naïve phenotype [32].”
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“, 2013: stem cell memory (TSCM), central memory (TCM), transitional memory (TTM), effector memory (TEM), and terminal effector (TTE) cells (Table 5) (Mahnke et al., 2013).”
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“MSCs reduced Tcm in CD4 + T cells in renal regional immunity in LN mice Once naive T lymphocytes are activated, they proliferate rapidly, producing effector cells that migrate to the site of inflammation [30].”
Pierzchalski, A., Zenclussen, A. C., & Herberth, G. (2023) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24766 · Cited by 15
“In CD3 CD4 lymphocytes [8], cells were stratified based on HLA-DR expression [9].”
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“We and others have shown that the functional profiles of T cells derived from blood or tissues can be extremely diverse and that neatly grouping T cells into distinct functional subsets may not be feasible when many different parameters are considered (33, 58, 62, 63).”
BackgroundSousa, I. G., Simi, K. C. R., do Almo, M. M., Bezerra, M. A. G., Doose, G., Raiol, T., Stadler, P. F., Hoffmann, S., Maranhão, A. Q., & Brígido, M. M. (2019) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5967-8 · Cited by 14
Self-reactive T cells induce and perpetuate chronic relapsing arthritis
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“Human EM CD8+ T cells are divided into a few subsets based on the expression of a single or two molecules like CD27, CD28, CD45RA and IL-7Rα [3, 22, 23].”
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Mucosal-associated invariant T cells have therapeutic potential against ocular autoimmunity
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Selective depletion of naïve T cells by targeting CD45RA
Naik, S., & Triplett, B. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1009143 · Cited by 16
Stroukov, W., Mastronicola, D., Albany, C. J., Catak, Z., Lombardi, G., & Scottà, C. (2023) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24720 · Cited by 14
“As a result, CD45RA + cells can be separated into naïve cells (CD45RA CCR7 CD28 CD95 ), T stem cell-like memory cells which exhibit self-renewal capacity (TSCM, CD45RA CCR7 CD28 CD95) [11–13] and terminally differentiated effector cells (TEMRA, CD45RA + CCR7 CD28 ) [10].”
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Robust hepatitis B vaccine-reactive T cell responses in failed humoral immunity
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The development and maintenance of immunity against visceral leishmaniasis
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New player in CAR-T manufacture field: comparison of umbilical cord to peripheral blood strategies
Rassek, K., Misiak, J., Ołdak, T., Rozwadowska, N., Basak, G. W., & Kolanowski, T. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1561174 · Cited by 14
“Phenotypically, TEM cells are positive for activation markers CD38, CD69, and CD25, they sometimes co-express CD45RA and CD45RO at high levels, however, are negative for CD62L, CCR7, and CD31 (20).”
Kamperschroer, C., Collinge, M., Heyen, J. R. R., Ji, C., O’Donnell, L. M., & Zhu, X. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64229-0 · Cited by 15
Perazzio, S. F., Palmeira, P., Vasconcelos, D. D. M., Rangel-Santos, A., Oliveira, J. B., Andrade, L. E. C., & Carneiro-Sampaio, M. M. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.721289 · Cited by 14
Cancer Stem Cell-Associated Immune Microenvironment in Recurrent Glioblastomas
Murota, Y., Tabu, K., & Taga, T. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11132054 · Cited by 16
“They speculated these situations as a serially ongoing response to the recurrent tumor, since TTM is a less differentiated type than the TEM antigen-experienced population [18,19].”
BackgroundAlmutlaq, M., Mansour, F. A., Alghamdi, J., Alhendi, Y., Alamro, A. A., Alghamdi, A. A., Alamri, H. S., Alroqi, F. J., & Barhoumi, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158669 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, CD127 is critical for maintaining memory T-cells [16] and serves as a survival marker by activating IL-7 signaling [15], which induces the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins [17] and promotes the inflammatory function of Th1 cells [18].”
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T‐cell responses against rhinovirus species A and C in asthmatic and healthy children
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“This is also confirmed by the expression of HLA-DR (see results) known to be expressed by memory and not na€ıve T cells [20].”
BackgroundResultCD4+CD8+ T-Lymphocytes in Xenogeneic and Human Graft-versus-Host Disease
Hussen, K. A., Michonneau, D., Biajoux, V., Keita, S., Dubouchet, L., Nelson, E., Setterblad, N., Buanec, H. L., Bouaziz, J., Guimiot, F., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.579776 · Cited by 14
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“Effector memory T cells are highly activated in the initial contact with a pathogen or vaccine combined with a high production of IFN-γ, promoting differentiation to central memory T cells which leads to long-lasting memory immunity [44].”
BackgroundMeng, J., Yu, Z., Chen, H., Yu, X., Jiang, M., Zeng, X., & Jian, Y. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154446 · Cited by 13
Pernold, C. P. S., Lagumdzic, E., Stadler, M., Mair, K. H., Jäckel, S., Schmitt, M. W., Ladinig, A., Knecht, C., Dürlinger, S., Kreutzmann, H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003986 · Cited by 13
van Wolfswinkel, M., van Meijgaarden, K. E., Ottenhoff, T. H. M., Niewold, P., & Joosten, S. A. (2023) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24727 · Cited by 13
“In addition CXCR3, CCR4 and CCR6 were incorporated to distinguish Th1, Th2 and Th17 T cells, respectively [24, 26].”
BackgroundAnti-cytomegalovirus antibody levels stratify human immune profiles across the lifespan
Watanabe, M., Davidson, L., Smith, P., Castellucio, P. F., Jergović, M., Uhrlaub, J. L., Smithey, M. J., Fantry, L. E., Dechambre, B., Wilson, R. C., et al. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01124-0 · Cited by 15
“The subsets of T cells were defined as follows: naïve (Tn), CD28 int CD95 lo ; central memory (Tcm), CD28 hi CD95 hi ; total effector memory (Tem), CD28 lo or CD28 lo CD95 hi ; Tem, CD45RA − Tem; and Tem reexpressing CD45RA (Temra), CD45RA + Tem [26].”
Temporal Alterations in CD8+ T Cells During the Progression From Stage 1 to Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes
Schroderus, A., Pitkänen, V., Ekman, I., Stevens, D., Rytkönen-Nissinen, M. A., Rintamäki, R. M., Pihlajamäki, J., Knip, M., Veijola, R., Toppari, J., et al. (2024) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db24-0159 · Cited by 14
Diagnostic Flow Cytometry and the AIDS Pandemic
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Spatially Guided and Single Cell Tools to Map the Microenvironment in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Kalliara, E., Belfrage, E., Gullberg, U., Drott, K., & Ek, S. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15082362 · Cited by 13
“Skin versus blood-derived SCs were shown to markedly differ in their maturation status, with skin-derived SCs presenting a more differentiated phenotype than the clones in blood, based on the progressive T-cell differentiation model [58].”
BackgroundPušnik, J., Eller, M. A., Tassaneetrithep, B., Schultz, B. T., Eller, L. A., Nitayaphan, S., Kosgei, J., Maganga, L., Kibuuka, H. N., Alter, G., et al. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00377-19 · Cited by 12
“Currently, there are six generally accepted and well defined subsets (stated from least to most mature): naive cells, as well as stem cell-like memory (SCM), central memory (CM), transitional memory (TM), effector memory (EM), and terminal effector (TE) CD4 T cells (12, 13).”
BackgroundLyadova, I. V., & Nikitina, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00972 · Cited by 13
“Along with their differentiation, effector CD4 cells progressively decrease proliferative and survival potentials and increase cytokine secreting activity, with the exception of the exhausted and terminally-differentiated populations that decrease/lose cytokine production (137, 140, 145).”
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The impact of von Willebrand factor on factor VIII memory immune responses
Chen, J., Schroeder, J. A., Luo, X., & Shi, Q. (2017) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009209 · Cited by 13
Terpstra, M. L., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., van Aalderen, M. C., Wever, J. J., Sinnige, M. J., van der Bom‐Baylon, N. D., Bemelman, F. J., & Geerlings, S. E. (2020) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.287 · Cited by 11
Hielscher, F., Schmidt, T., Enders, M., Leyking, S., Gerhart, M. K., van Bentum, K., Mihm, J., Schub, D., Sester, U., & Sester, M. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105335 · Cited by 12
“39,40 As central memory T-cells are better protected against apoptosis, 41,42 apoptosis may preferentially affect effector memory T-cells in patients.”
BackgroundPresentation of immunoregulatory sialoglycans on T cells is divergent between mice and humans
Izzati, F. N., Choksi, H., Giuliana, P., Abd-Rabbo, D., Elsaesser, H. J., Blundell, A., Affe, V., Kannen, V., Jame-Chenarboo, Z., Schmidt, E. N., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115933 · Cited by 17
Михайлович, К. Н., Davydova, Y. O., Galtseva, I. V., Петинати, Н. А., Дризе, Н. И., Kuzmina, L. A., Parovichnikova, E. N., & Vg, S. (2017) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s000629791710008x · Cited by 12
“For each of this population we determined compo sition of the memory cell subsets according to Mahnke [15], by expression of CD28, CD197 (CCR7), CD45RO, and CD95 (FAS) on the surface of the T cells.”
Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase Regulates Stoichiometry of CD4+ T-Cell Compartments
Merino-Wong, M., Niemeyer, B. A., & Alansary, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.687242 · Cited by 12
Liisborg, C., Skov, V., Kjær, L., Hasselbalch, H. C., & Sørensen, T. L. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203803 · Cited by 15
“Differentiated cells also gradually lose the costimulatory molecules CD27 and CD28, which play an important part in T cell activation, such as cytokine production and stimulating cell proliferation [21, 27, 33, 34].”
BackgroundSchluck, M., Eggermont, L. J., Weiden, J., Popelier, C., Weiss, L., Pilzecker, B., Kolder, S., Heinemans, A., Rodriguez-Mogeda, C., Verdoes, M., et al. (2022) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202200019 · Cited by 12
OMIP‐033: A comprehensive single step staining protocol for human T‐ and B‐cell subsets
Brodie, T. M., Rothaeusler, K., & Sospedra, M. (2016) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22889 · Cited by 12
Self-citationFerlito, C., Biselli, R., Mariotti, S., von Hunolstein, C., Teloni, R., Ralli, L., Pinto, A., Pisani, G., Tirelli, V., Biondo, M. I., et al. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.041 · Cited by 12
Coxiella burnetii Epitope-Specific T-Cell Responses in Patients with Chronic Q Fever
Scholzen, A., Richard, G., Moise, L., Hartman, E., Bleeker‐Rovers, C. P., Reeves, P. M., Paul, S. R., Martin, W. D., Groot, A. S. D., Poznansky, M. C., et al. (2019) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00213-19 · Cited by 12
“However, a simple supernatant secretion assay does not distinguish 264 whether different cytokines are produced by the same or different cell populations, and central 265 memory T-cells can also co-produce two or more cytokines including IL-2 (21).”
BackgroundInfluentialDavies, S. I., Barrett, J. A., Wong, S. C., Chang, M. J., Muranski, P. J., & Brownell, I. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.592721 · Cited by 12
Broides, A., Mandola, A. B., Levy, J., Yerushalmi, B., Pinsk, V., Eldan, M., Shubinsky, G., Hadad, N., Lévy, R., Nahum, A., et al. (2017) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-016-8883-x · Cited by 12
“Naïve CD8+ T cells are positive for CD27 and negative for CD57 markers and immunophenotypically distinct from CD27-negative and CD57-positive terminal effector memory CD8+ T cells [17].”
BackgroundShift of lung macrophage composition is associated with COVID-19 disease severity and recoveryPreprint
Chen, S. T., Park, M. D., Valle, D. M. D., Buckup, M., Tabachnikova, A., Simons, N. W., Mouskas, K., Lee, B. H., Geanon, D., D’souza, D., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475918 · Cited by 12
“S5C-E ) (34, 35) .”
Kar, R., Chattopadhyay, S., Sharma, A., Sharma, K. M. T. K., Sinha, S., Arimbasseri, G. A., & Patil, V. S. (2024) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13783 · Cited by 11
“…T cells [T CM ; CD45RA (cid:4) CCR7 + ], effector memory T cells [T EM ; CD45RA (cid:4) CCR7 (cid:4) ], and effector memory T cells expressing CD45RA [T EMRA ; CD45RA + CCR7 (cid:4) ] [15]), were FACS sorted separately and pooled before performing single-cell omics experiments (Figures 1a and S1d).”
InfluentialKudryavtsev, I. V., Серебрякова, М. К., Zhiduleva, E. V., Murtazalieva, P., Titov, V., Malashicheva, A., Shishkova, А. А., Semenova, D., Irtyuga, O. B., Isakov, D., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00604 · Cited by 11
Vickers, M. A., Darboe, F., Muefong, C. N., Mbayo, G., Barry, A., Gindeh, A., Njie, S., Riley, A. J., Sarr, B., Sambou, B., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.572620 · Cited by 11
“These results suggest that rather than general T-cell anergy, persistent MTB-antigen stimulation (in vitro and in vivo) in these ATB patients has led to dysfunction of these antigen-specific T-cells, resulting in apoptosis and exhaustion (27).”
BackgroundResultHealthy Donors Harbor Memory T Cell Responses to RAS Neo-Antigens
Holmström, M. O., & Andersen, M. H. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12103045 · Cited by 11
“The strong responses against the mutant RAS epitopes identified above suggest that the T cells specific to mutant RAS are memory T cells, as these cells more readily secrete IFN-γ upon antigen stimulation compared to naïve T cells [32].”
BackgroundA soluble activator that favors the ex vivo expansion of CD8+CD27+ T cells
Matus, E. I., Sparkes, A., & Gariépy, J. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.141293 · Cited by 12
“Importantly, T cell subsets at later stages of differentiation display a decline in IL-2 production and downregulate surface markers, such as CD27, CD28, CCR7, CD127, and CD62L (37, 38).”
BackgroundEspíndola, O. D. M., Rijnstra, E. S.-V., Frankin, E., Weijer, K. C., van der Velden, Y. U., Berkhout, B., Blom, B., & Villaudy, J. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10102514 · Cited by 11
“During differentiation, T-cells display distinct phenotypes and functions as they progress in a linear flow along subtypes: naïve > stem central memory > central memory > transitional memory > effector memory > terminal effector cells [48].”
Single-cell RNA sequencing of intestinal immune cells in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis
Oshima, K., Hinoki, A., Uchida, H., Tanaka, Y., Okuno, Y., Go, Y., Shirota, C., Tainaka, T., Sumida, W., Yokota, K., et al. (2023) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-023-05461-7 · Cited by 11
“The low abundance of CD4 + TCM, CD8 + TCM, and CD8 + Teff cells in NEC2 may also be explained by the fact that insufficient time had passed for these immune cell types to differentiate [29, 46, 47].”
Hunt, R. M., Elzayat, M. T., Markofski, M. M., Laughlin, M. S., & LaVoy, E. C. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1120454 · Cited by 11
Safety and immunogenicity of a potential checkpoint blockade vaccine for canine melanoma
Kurupati, R. K., Zhou, X., Xiang, Z., Keller, L. H., & Ertl, H. C. J. (2018) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-018-2201-5 · Cited by 11
Overcoming the Hurdles of Autologous T-Cell-Based Therapies in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
van Bruggen, J. A. C., Martens, A. W. J., Tonino, S. H., & Kater, A. P. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12123837 · Cited by 11
“Of these subsets, it is the memory T-cell subset that persists in vivo and has high proliferative capacity, while effector cells have superior effector function [96].”
BackgroundHuman-like Response of Pig T Cells to Superagonistic Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibodies
Uehlein, S., Ding, X., Flößer, J., Schmidt, S., Steitz, J., Bille, M., Schnitter, F., Baltes, S., Saalmüller, A., Gerner, W., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2100174 · Cited by 12
Liu, P.-J., Yang, T., Fan, Z.-X., Yuan, G.-B., Ma, L., Wang, Z., Lü, J., Yuan, B.-Y., Zou, W.-L., Zhang, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110672 · Cited by 11
HELIOS-expressing human CD8 T cells exhibit limited effector functions
Neyens, D., Hirsch, T., Hadi, A. A. A. I. A., Dauguet, N., Vanhaver, C., Bayard, A., Wildmann, C., Luyckx, M., Squifflet, J.-L., D’Hondt, Q., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308539 · Cited by 10
Martini, V., Silvestri, Y., Ciurea, A., Möller, B., Danelon, G., Flamigni, F., Jarrossay, D., Kwee, I., Foglierini, M., Rinaldi, A., et al. (2024) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003926 · Cited by 10
Stem cell memory EBV-specific T cells control EBV tumor growth and persist in vivo
Palianina, D., Mietz, J., Stühler, C., Arnold, B., Bantug, G. R., Münz, C., Chijioke, O., & Khanna, N. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado2048 · Cited by 11
Piątosa, B., Wolska‐Kuśnierz, B., Tkaczyk, K., Heropolitańska–Pliszka, E., Grycuk, U., Wakulińska, A., & Gregorek, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01319 · Cited by 9
“the development of more refined methods of cell analysis, it was found that other surface markers, such as CD197 corresponding to chemokine receptor CCR7 (29–31), CD27 (32–34), CD31 (35), and CD95 (36, 37), used in combination with CD45RA offered significantly more detailed view into the T lymphocyte maturation proces…”
BackgroundMethodHeterogeneity of HIV-1 latent reservoirs
Zhao, J., & Deng, K. (2020) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000001085 · Cited by 11
“After antigen exposure, these TN cells can further differentiate into central memory T (TCM), transitional memory T (TTM), effector memory T (TEM), and terminally differentiated T (TTD) cells, as identified by the expression of cell surface markers including CD45RA, CD45RO, CCR7 or CD62L.”
BackgroundWang, W., Wu, Q., Wang, Z., Ren, S., Shen, H., Shi, W., & Xu, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.647273 · Cited by 10
Olivo, A., Lécuroux, C., Bitu, M., Avettand-Fènoël, V., Boufassa, F., Essat, A., Meyer, L., Doisne, J., Favier, B., Vaslin, B., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202048943 · Cited by 10
Hashimoto, H., Kasteleiner, P., Kressin, J., Müller, F., Bühring, H., Handgretinger, R., & Schilbach, K. (2021) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/s41409-021-01307-9 · Cited by 10
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Lee, H. W., Park, C., Joung, J., Kang, M., Chung, Y. S., Oh, W. J., Yeom, S.-Y., Park, W., Kim, T. J., & Seo, S. I. (2021) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb43010019 · Cited by 10
“Immune effectors usually designate TEMRA capable of immediate cytokine production and cytotoxicity [13].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCao, H. L., Kim, D. H., Howard, A., Moz, H., Wasnik, S., Baylink, D. J., Chen, C.-S., Reeves, M. E., Mirshahidi, S., Xiao, J., et al. (2021) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2021.11.003 · Cited by 11
High Levels of CD244 Rather Than CD160 Associate With CD8+ T-Cell Aging
Wang, X., Wang, D., Du, J., Wei, Y., Song, R., Wang, B., Qiu, S., Li, B., Zhang, L., Zeng, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.853522 · Cited by 10
Vdovin, A. S., Filkin, S. Y., Yefimova, P. R., Sheetikov, S. A., Михайлович, К. Н., Davydova, Y. O., Egorov, E. S., Хамаганова, Е. Г., Drokov, M. Y., Kuzmina, L. A., et al. (2016) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297916110146 · Cited by 10
“These cells were characterized by pronounced effector functions, but unlike the terminal effectors (TTE or TEMRA), they retained a certain proliferative potential [34].”
Caprara, G. V., Nisini, R., Castellani, V., Pasquali, V., Alessandri, G., Ziparo, V., Ferlito, C., Germano, V., Diamanti, A. P., Biondo, M. I., et al. (2017) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2017.05.012 · Cited by 10
A predictive CD8+ T cell phenotype for T1DM progression
Wong, F. S., & Li, W. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0330-3 · Cited by 10
Mungenast, F., Meshcheryakova, A., Beer, A., Salzmann, M., Tamandl, D., Gruenberger, T., Pietschmann, P., Koperek, O., Birner, P., Kirsch, I. M., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12113117 · Cited by 10
T Cell Subsets Predicting Belatacept-Resistant Rejection: Finding the Root Where the Trouble Starts
Wekerle, T. (2017) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.14390 · Cited by 10
“(4,5) TEMRA are typically associated with chronic antigen exposure, are terminally differentiated, and express senescence markers such as CD57 and KLRG-1.”
BackgroundПетинати, Н. А., Davydova, Y. O., Никифорова, К. А., Bigildeev, A., Belyavsky, A. V., Arapidi, G., Дризе, Н. И., Kuzmina, L. A., Parovichnikova, E. N., & Vg, S. (2022) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jtct.2022.10.030 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Mahnke, Y. D., Brodie, T. M., Sallusto, F., Roederer, M., & Lugli, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (CH)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Humanitas University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Roederer, Mario
- Lugli, Enrico
- Venue
- European Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-10-30
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2797-2809
- ISSN
- 0014-2980 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4141
- OpenAlex
- W1572743872
- Cited by
- 817
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- European Commission (241745, 322093)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (131092)
- Fondazione Cariplo (2012-0683)
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- FP7 Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- memory T cells, T cell differentiation, T cell memory subsets, T cell heterogeneity, T cell phenotype, vaccine immunology, adoptive cell transfer, single-cell technologies
- MeSH terms
- Cell Differentiation, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Gene Expression, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, Adoptive Transfer
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