Cited by 1,928Global Security and Public HealthInfluenza Virus Research StudiesInternational Science and Diplomacy

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Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health

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Elbe, Stefan, Buckland‐Merrett, Gemma·2017·Global Challenges

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Abstract

The international sharing of virus data is critical for protecting populations against lethal infectious disease outbreaks. Scientists must rapidly share information to assess the nature of the threat and develop new medical countermeasures. Governments need the data to trace the extent of the outbreak, initiate public health responses, and coordinate access to medicines and vaccines. Recent outbreaks suggest, however, that the sharing of such data cannot be taken for granted – making the timely international exchange of virus data a vital global challenge. This article undertakes the first analysis of the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data as an innovative policy effort to promote the international sharing of genetic and associated influenza virus data. Based on more than 20 semi‐structured interviews conducted with key informants in the international community, coupled with analysis of a wide range of primary and secondary sources, the article finds that the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data contributes to global health in at least five ways: (1) collating the most complete repository of high‐quality influenza data in the world; (2) facilitating the rapid sharing of potentially pandemic virus information during recent outbreaks; (3) supporting the World Health Organization's biannual seasonal flu vaccine strain selection process; (4) developing informal mechanisms for conflict resolution around the sharing of virus data; and (5) building greater trust with several countries key to global pandemic preparedness.

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Data Sharing
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Background
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“…diseases.116 There are certainly signs that this data sharing problem alsomanifested itself during the more recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa, (Yozwiak et al., 2015) as well as the spread of Zika virus.117 Although GISAID was approached to extend its scope to include Ebola viruses, GISAID’s…”
Background
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BackgroundInfluential

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Li, T., Cai, H., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Lai, Y., Yao, H., Liu, L. D., Sun, Z., van Vlissingen, M. F., Kuiken, T., et al. (2021) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202114544 · Cited by 23
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes from West Java, Indonesia
Fibriani, A., Stephanie, R., Alfiantie, A. A., Siregar, A. L. F., Pradani, G. A. P., Yamahoki, N., Purba, W. S., Alamanda, C. N. C., Rahmawati, E., Rachman, R. W., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13102097 · Cited by 24
Coronavirus GenBrowser for monitoring the transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2
Yu, D., Yang, X. Y., Tang, B., Pan, Y.-H., Yang, J., Duan, G., Zhu, J., Hao, Z.-Q., Mu, H., Dai, L., et al. (2021) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbab583 · Cited by 24
“For genomic sequence alignments, high-quality SARSCoV-2 genomic variations were obtained from the 2019nCoVR database [9, 24], which is an integrated resource based on GenBank, GISAID [4, 5], CNGBdb [11], the GWH [12] and the NMDC (https://nmdc.cn/).”
Influential
The “Wolf” Is Indeed Coming: Recombinant “Deltacron” SARS-CoV-2 Detected
Wang, L., & Gao, G. F. (2022) · China CDC Weekly · doi:10.46234/ccdcw2022.054 · Cited by 24
Improved SARS-CoV-2 sequencing surveillance allows the identification of new variants and signatures in infected patients
Grimaldi, A., Panariello, F., Annunziata, P., Giuliano, T., Daniele, M., Pierri, B., Colantuono, C., Salvi, M., Bouchè, V., Manfredi, A., et al. (2022) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-022-01098-8 · Cited by 26
“Only samples with a minimum SARSCoV-2/Lambda reads ratio of 10%, 50,000 SARS-CoV-2 reads and at least 50% of genotyped bases were considered for GISAID submission.”
BackgroundInfluential
Potent monoclonal antibodies neutralize Omicron sublineages and other SARS-CoV-2 variants
Chen, Z., Zhang, P., Matsuoka, Y., Tsybovsky, Y., West, K. A., Santos, C. P., Boyd, L. F., Nguyen, H., Pomerenke, A., Stephens, T., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111528 · Cited by 23
“This variant has more than 30 mutations in the spike (S) protein (Elbe and Buckland-Merrett, 2017), 15 of which are located within the receptor-binding domain (RBD), the main target of neutralizing antibodies (Greaney et al.”
Clinical phenotypes and outcomes in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome across SARS-CoV-2 variant eras: a multinational study from the 4CE consortium
Sperotto, F., Gutiérrez‐Sacristán, A., Makwana, S., Li, X., Rofeberg, V., Cai, T., Bourgeois, F. T., Omenn, G. S., Hanauer, D. A., Sáez, C., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102212 · Cited by 24
Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Global Perspective
Singh, P., Anand, A., Rana, S., Kumar, A., Goel, P., Kumar, S., Gouda, K. C., & Singh, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1272961 · Cited by 25
“The daily data of the Delta variant were collected from the Global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) database (32) that provides rapid and open access to epidemic and pandemic virus data including genetic sequences and related clinical and epidemiological data associated with the…”
Method
Modulation of biophysical properties of nucleocapsid protein in the mutant spectrum of SARS-CoV-2
Nguyen, A., Zhao, H., Myagmarsuren, D., Srinivasan, S., Wu, D., Chen, J., Piszczek, G., & Schuck, P. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.94836 · Cited by 32
Characterising routes of H5N1 and H7N9 spread in China using Bayesian phylogeographical analysis
Bui, C. M., Adam, D. C., Njoto, E. N., Scotch, M., & MacIntyre, C. R. (2018) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0185-z · Cited by 24
Impact of dimerization and N3 binding on molecular dynamics of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 main proteases
Tekpinar, M., & Yıldırım, A. (2021) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1880481 · Cited by 24
Mutation landscape of SARS-CoV-2 reveals five mutually exclusive clusters of leading and trailing single nucleotide substitutionsPreprint
Mishra, A., Pandey, A. K., Gupta, P., Pradhan, P. C., Dhamija, S., Gomes, J., Kundu, B., Vivekanandan, P., & Menon, M. B. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.082768 · Cited by 24
Hidden genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2: implications for qRT-PCR diagnostics and transmissionPreprint
Sapoval, N., Mahmoud, M., Jochum, M. D., Liu, Y., Elworth, R. A. L., Wang, Q., Albin, D., Ogilvie, H., Lee, M. D., Villapol, S., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184481 · Cited by 24
Interoperable medical data: The missing link for understanding COVID‐19
Bauer, D. C., Metke‐Jimenez, A., Maurer‐Stroh, S., Tiruvayipati, S., Wilson, L. O. W., Jain, Y., Perrin, A., Ebrill, K., Hansen, D. P., & Vasan, S. S. (2020) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.13892 · Cited by 23
Emerging phylogenetic structure of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Fountain‐Jones, N. M., Appaw, R. C., Carver, S., Didelot, X., Volz, E., & Charleston, M. (2020) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veaa082 · Cited by 27
Computational design of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins to increase immunogenicity by T cell epitope engineering
Ong, E., Huang, X., Pearce, R., Zhang, Y., & He, Y. O. (2020) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.039 · Cited by 24
A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Viral Sequence Bioinformatic Pipeline Has Found Genetic Evidence That the Viral 3′ Untranslated Region (UTR) Is Evolving and Generating Increased Viral Diversity
Farkas, C., Mella, A., Turgeon, M., & Haigh, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.665041 · Cited by 26
Exploring the diversity of coronavirus in sewage during COVID-19 pandemic: Don't miss the forest for the trees
Martínez‐Puchol, S., Itarte, M., Rusiñol, M., Forés, E., Mejías-Molina, C., Andrés, C., Antón, A., Quer, J., Abril, J. F., Gironés, R., et al. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149562 · Cited by 23
Microorganisms as Shapers of Human Civilization, from Pandemics to Even Our Genomes: Villains or Friends? A Historical Approach
Rodríguez‐Frias, F., Quer, J., Tabernero, D., Cortese, M. F., García-García, S., Rando‐Segura, A., & Pumarola, T. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9122518 · Cited by 26
Development of antibody resistance in emerging mutant strains of SARS CoV‐2: Impediment for COVID‐19 vaccines
Beeraka, N. M., Sukocheva, O. A., Lukina, E., Liu, J., & Fan, R. (2022) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2346 · Cited by 23
Wastewater and marine bioindicators surveillance to anticipate COVID-19 prevalence and to explore SARS-CoV-2 diversity by next generation sequencing: One-year study
Novoa, B., Ríos-Castro, R., Otero‐Muras, I., de Gouveia, S. M. A. F., Cabo, A., Saco, A., Rey-Campos, M., Pájaro, M., Fajar, N. M., Aranguren, R., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155140 · Cited by 23
“SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced from Galician patients were downloaded from the GISAID database (Elbe and Buckland-Merrett, 2017), from the beginning of the pandemic (December 2020) until the end of this study (27/04/2021).”
LinearTurboFold: Linear-time global prediction of conserved structures for RNA homologs with applications to SARS-CoV-2
Li, S., Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Liu, K., Liu, B., Mathews, D. H., & Huang, L. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2116269118 · Cited by 22
Correlation between Clinical and Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance, Oregon, USA
Kaya, D., Falender, R. A., Radniecki, T. S., Geniza, M. J., Cieslak, P. R., Kelly, C. J., Lininger, N., & Sutton, M. (2022) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2809.220938 · Cited by 23
Emergence and Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern Delta across Different Brazilian Regions
Arantes, I., Naveca, F. G., Gräf, T., COVID-19 Fiocruz Genomic Surveillance Network, Miyajima, F., Faoro, H., Wallau, G. L., Delatorre, E. O., Appolinario, L., Pereira, E. C., et al. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02641-21 · Cited by 23
The SARS-CoV-2 Hydra, a tiny monster from the 21st century: Thermodynamics of the BA.5.2 and BF.7 variants
Popovic, M. E. (2023) · Microbial Risk Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.mran.2023.100249 · Cited by 23
“7 variants of SARS-CoV-2 were taken from GISAID, the global data science initiative [Khare et al., 2021; Elbe and Buckland-Merrett, 2017; Shu and McCauley, 2017].”
Remdesivir Potently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Human Lung Cells and Chimeric SARS-CoV Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Polymerase in MicePreprint
Pruijssers, A. J. P., George, A. S., Schäfer, A., Leist, S. R., Gralinski, L. E., Dinnon, K. H., Yount, B. L., Agostini, M. L., Stevens, L. J., Chappell, J. D., et al. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3588829 · Cited by 23
SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development
Angius, F., Puxeddu, S., Zaimi, S., Canton, S., Nematollahzadeh, S., Pibiri, A., Delogu, I., Alvisi, G., Moi, M. L., & Manzin, A. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13010017 · Cited by 22
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from a broad range of mammals
Lam, S. D., Bordin, N., Waman, V., Scholes, H., Ashford, P., Sen, N., van Dorp, L., Rauer, C., Dawson, N., Pang, C., et al. (2020) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 22
Clinical utility of SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing in deciphering source of infection
Takenouchi, T., Iwasaki, Y. W., Harada, S., Ishizu, H., Uwamino, Y., Uno, S., Osada, A., Abe, K., Hasegawa, N., Murata, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.10.014 · Cited by 22
Identification of Highly Conserved SARS-CoV-2 Antigenic Epitopes with Wide Coverage Using Reverse Vaccinology Approach
Hisham, Y., Ashhab, Y., Hwang, S., & Kim, D. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13050787 · Cited by 22
Are presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in nursing home residents unrecognised symptomatic infections? Sequence and metadata from weekly testing in an extensive nursing home outbreak
van den Besselaar, J. H., Sikkema, R. S., Koene, F., van Buul, L. W., Munnink, B. B. O., Frénay, I., Witt, R. T., Koopmans, M., Hertogh, C. M. P. M., & Buurman, B. M. (2021) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afab081 · Cited by 22
Why are some coronavirus variants more infectious?
Mukherjee, R., & Satardekar, R. (2021) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-021-00221-y · Cited by 23
An Update on the Status of Vaccine Development for SARS-CoV-2 Including Variants. Practical Considerations for COVID-19 Special Populations
Kantarcıoğlu, B., Iqbal, O., Lewis, J., Carter, C. A., Singh, M., Lievano, F. A., Ligocki, M. A., Jeske, W. P., Adıgüzel, C., Gerotziafas, G., et al. (2022) · Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis · doi:10.1177/10760296211056648 · Cited by 25
Complex Mutation Pattern of Omicron BA.2: Evading Antibodies without Losing Receptor Interactions
Kannan, S. R., Spratt, A. N., Sharma, K., Goyal, R. K., Sönnerborg, A. B., Apparsundaram, S., Lorson, C. L., Byrareddy, S. N., & Singh, K. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23105534 · Cited by 22
“High-quality, high-coverage sequences (n = 8660) from GSAID (Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data) [8] were used to identify the distribution of mutations in BA.”
MethodInfluential
A Method for Variant Agnostic Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Rapid Monitoring of Circulating Variants, and Early Detection of Emergent Variants Such as Omicron
Lai, E., Kennedy, E. B., Lozach, J., Hayashibara, K., Davis-Turak, J., Becker, D., Brzoska, P., Cassens, T., Diamond, E., Gandhi, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00342-22 · Cited by 18
Discovery and intranasal administration of a SARS-CoV-2 broadly acting neutralizing antibody with activity against multiple Omicron subvariants
Duty, J. A., Kraus, T., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Shaabani, N., Yildiz, S., Du, N., Singh, A., Miorin, L., Li, D., et al. (2022) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2022.08.002 · Cited by 21
EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: The emergence, spread and vanishing of a French SARS‐CoV‐2 variant exemplifies the fate of RNA virus epidemics and obeys the Mistigri rule
Colson, P., Gautret, P., Delerce, J., Chaudet, H., Pontarotti, P., Forterre, P., Tola, R., Bedotto, M., Delorme, L., Bader, W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28102 · Cited by 23
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Air and on Surfaces in Rooms of Infected Nursing Home Residents
Linde, K. J., Wouters, I. M., Kluytmans, J. A. J. W., den Bergh, M. K.-V., Pas, S. D., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Koopmans, M., Meier, M., Meijer, P., Raben, C. R., et al. (2022) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxac056 · Cited by 21
“Negative (- -) 9 (30) 4 (40) 2 (20) 2 (17)”
COV2Var, a function annotation database of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variation
Feng, Y., Yi, J., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Wen, J., Zhao, W., Kim, P., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad958 · Cited by 26
“On 2 March 2023, we retrieved S AR S-CoV-2 sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GI-SAID) database ( 13 ), covering sequences collected between December 2019 and February 2023.”
Method
First report and genetic characterization of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Cabot's tern (Thalasseus acuflavidus), Brazil
Reischak, D., Júnior, A. V. R., Otaka, J. N. P., Domingues, C. S., Freitas, T. D. L., Cardoso, F. G., Montesino, L. O., da Silva, A. L. S., Malta, F. D. M., Amgarten, D., et al. (2023) · Veterinary and Animal Science · doi:10.1016/j.vas.2023.100319 · Cited by 22
Transmission route and introduction of pandemic SARS‐CoV‐2 between China, Italy, and Spain
Benazi, N., Bounab, S., & Bounab, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26333 · Cited by 21
Study of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in a Belgian Military Education and Training Center in Maradi, Niger
Pirnay, J., Selhorst, P., Cochez, C., Petrillo, M., Claes, V., der Beken, Y. V., Verbeken, G., Degueldre, J., T’Sas, F., den Eede, G. V., et al. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12090949 · Cited by 21
Principal Component Analysis Applications in COVID-19 Genome Sequence Studies
Wang, B., & Jiang, L. (2021) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-020-09790-w · Cited by 21

Authors: Elbe, S., & Buckland‐Merrett, G.
Affiliations: University of Sussex (GB)
Corresponding author: Elbe, Stefan
ORCID: Elbe, Stefan
Venue: Global Challenges
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2017-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 33-46
ISSN: 2056-6646 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/gch2.1018
PMC: PMC6607375
OpenAlex: W2587970647
Cited by: 1,928
References: 11
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 184 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 460 · 2021: 530 · 2020: 246 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 187.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 9 d)
Locations: Global Challenges (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Global Security and Public Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Science and Diplomacy
Keywords: GISAID, international data sharing, pandemic preparedness, global health policy, influenza surveillance, World Health Organization, conflict resolution, trust building, infectious disease outbreaks

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Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health

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