The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cultured astrocytes express toll‐like receptors for bacterial products
Abstract
It has become apparent that astrocytes may be important contributors to inflammatory immune responses within the brain in response to microbial challenges. To date, the mechanisms that underlie activation of this major glial cell type by such challenges have not been investigated. In the present study, we present evidence for members of a recently discovered family of receptors for highly conserved microbial components, the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), in isolated cultures of primary murine astrocytes. We describe the low‐level constitutive expression of messenger RNA‐encoding TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 in resting cultures of these cells. Importantly, the level of expression of messenger RNA for each of these receptors is markedly elevated following exposure to specific bacteria‐derived ligands for these receptors. The functional expression of these receptor proteins is further supported by the ability of known ligands for each TLR to induce both message expression and protein secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐6. In addition, the recent availability of antibodies to TLR2 and TLR4 has enabled us to demonstrate directly the presence of these receptors on astrocytes by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. Furthermore, we have confirmed the sensitivity of such receptor expression to ligand stimulation. The present demonstration of Toll‐like microbial pattern‐recognition receptors on primary astrocytes provides a mechanistic link between bacterial challenge and inflammatory immune responses that may be an important component of the pathologies of bacterially induced inflammatory CNS disorders. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Cites
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491 · cited 3×
“PCR primers were derived from the published sequences of TLR2 (Noss et al., 2001), TLR4 (Chavrier et al., 1992), TLR5 (Sebastiani et al., 2000), TLR9 (Hemmi et al., 2000), IL-6 (Van Snick et al., 1988), and G3PDH (Tso et al., 1985).”
BackgroundMethodThe innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5
Hayashi, F., Smith, K. D., Ozinsky, A., Hawn, T. R., Yi, E. C., Goodlett, D. R., Eng, J. K., Akira, S., Underhill, D. M., & Aderem, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35074106 · Cited by 3,601
Hoshino, K., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Sanjo, H., Ogawa, T., Takeda, Y., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.3749 · Cited by 3,374
Toll-like Receptor-4 Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Signal Transduction
Chow, J. C., Young, D. W., Golenbock, D. T., Christ, W. J., & Gusovsky, F. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.16.10689 · Cited by 1,924
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Toll-like receptor-2 mediates mycobacteria-induced proinflammatory signaling in macrophages
Underhill, D. M., Ozinsky, A., Smith, K. D., & Aderem, A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.25.14459 · Cited by 827
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Cited by
Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity
Farina, C., Aloisi, F., & Meinl, E. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.01.005 · Cited by 1,304
Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain
Rivest, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2565 · Cited by 843
Toll‐like receptor 4 is required for α‐synuclein dependent activation of microglia and astroglia
Fellner, L., Irschick, R., Schanda, K., Reindl, M., Klimaschewski, L., Poewe, W., Wenning, G. K., & Stefanova, N. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22437 · Cited by 697
Microglia activation triggers astrocyte-mediated modulation of excitatory neurotransmission
Pascual, O., Ben Achour, S., Rostaing, P., Triller, A., & Bessis, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1111098109 · Cited by 693
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease
Sun, M.-F., & Shen, Y.-Q. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.004 · Cited by 445
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowman, C. C., Rasley, A., Tranguch, S. L., & Marriott, I.
- Venue
- Glia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-05-23
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-1136
- OpenAlex
- W2066384268
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 50
- FWCI
- 5.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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