Effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention for older adults to improve emotional well‐being and cognitive function in a Chinese population: A randomized waitlist‐controlled trial
Abstract
Background: To investigate the effect of a modified mindfulness‐based stress reduction (mMBSR) program on mental well‐being and cognitive function of older adults. Method: Two hundred and fourty‐six participants were randomly assigned to mMBSR (n = 120) group or waitlist control group which received mMBSR at 2‐month (n = 123). Data collected at baseline, 2 and 4 months after recruitment. Primary outcome: mental well‐being: Short Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (SWEMWBS). Secondary outcomes: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), international shopping list test, self‐compassion scale, peace of mind scale, geriatric depression scale (GDS), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). In modified‐intention‐to‐treat analysis, paired t‐test for within group comparison, and ANCOVA to compare group differences at 2‐months with adjustment of baseline values. Results: Most participants were female (83.7%), living with others (67.0%), and married (50.7%). No significant difference of baseline characteristics except sleep quality. At 2 months, intervention group reported better mental well‐being (0.9, 95%CI: 0.1–1.8, p = 0.025) and less depressive symptoms (−1.0; 95%CI: −1.7 to −0.3, p = 0.004). Within group at 2 months, intervention group had improvement in: mental well‐being (SWEMWBS: 22.5–23.4, p = 0.011), cognitive function (MOCA: 24.6–25.8, p < 0.001; VFT: 38.7–42.1, p < 0.001), depressive symptoms (GDS: 4.1–3.1, p < 0.001), and sleep quality (PSQI: 8.3–6.7, p < 0.001). All these changes, except mental well‐being, were sustained at 4 months. Discussion: Attrition rate was 14% and mindfulness intervention was found to be feasible and acceptable in older adults. Major limitation of the study was the absence of an active control group to control for non‐specific effect.
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Lee et al. pointed out that the FFMQ may be less sensitive to capturing changes among those with lower education.
“Lee et al. pointed out that the FFMQ may be less sensitive to capturing changes among those with lower education [44], which also applies to our sample characteristics, where the majority of participants had an education level of primary school or below.”
That recent Hong Kong study did not improve mindfulness and was only compared against a wait-list control group.
“However, it did not improve mindfulness and was only compared against a wait-list control group.”
A recent Hong Kong study found that a modified mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy for community-dwelling older adults led by social workers, nurses, teachers, programme workers, and researchers was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and improving mental health.
“A recent study in Hong Kong examined the effectiveness of a modified mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy (MBSR) for community-dwelling older adults led by social workers, nurses, teachers, programme workers, and researchers, who received 74.5 h of training by an experienced mindfulness teacher [44]. The intervention was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and improving mental health.”
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- Authors
- Lee, E. K., Wong, B., Chan, P. H. S., Zhang, D. D., Sun, W., Chan, D. C., Gao, T., Ho, F., Kwok, T. C. Y., & Wong, S. Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- HKSKH Counselling Service Hong Kong China
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Eric Kam‐Pui
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-08-27
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0885-6230 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1166
- OpenAlex
- W3194614435
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health and Medical Research Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based stress reduction, older adults, emotional well-being, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, sleep quality, self-compassion, verbal fluency, Chinese older adults, feasibility and acceptability, geriatric depression, psychological well-being, cognitive aging, mindfulness-based interventions, attrition, intervention sustainability, intervention generalizability, intervention scalability
- MeSH terms
- Self-Compassion, Sleep Quality, Aged, China, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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