The compensation and capitalization models: a test of two approaches to individualizing the treatment of depression
Abstract
Despite long-standing calls for the individualization of treatments for depression, modest progress has been made in this effort. The primary objective of this study was to test two competing approaches to personalizing cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression (viz., capitalization and compensation). Thirty-four adults meeting criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (59% female, 85% Caucasian) were randomized to 16-weeks of cognitive-behavioral treatment in which strategies used were selected based on either the capitalization approach (treatment matched to relative strengths) or the compensation approach (treatment matched to relative deficits). Outcome was assessed with a composite measure of both self-report (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory) and observer-rated (i.e., Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) depressive symptoms. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed a significant treatment approach by time interaction indicating a faster rate of symptom change for the capitalization approach compared to the compensation approach (d = .69, p = .03). Personalizing treatment to patients' relative strengths led to better outcome than treatment personalized to patients' relative deficits. If replicated, these findings would suggest a significant change in thinking about how therapists might best adapt cognitive-behavioral interventions for depression for particular patients.
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Treatment is more effective when it draws upon a patient's strengths rather than remediating their shortcomings.
“As some studies suggest that treatment is more effective when it draws upon a patient’s strengths rather than remediating their shortcomings [31,32]”
Important potential effect modifiers, such as childhood adversities or baseline cognitive or behavioural skills, were not included in the model.
“Important potential effect modifiers, such as childhood adversities37 or baseline cognitive or behavioural skills,38 were therefore not included in our model.”
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“Specifically, studies have been conducted in MDD and other emotional disorders, exploring whether choosing treatment interventions based on an individual’s strengths (i.e. capitalization approach), or relative deficits (i.e. compensatory approach), influences outcomes (Cheavens et al., 2012).”
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Behr, S., Fenski, F., Boettcher, J., Knaevelsrud, C., Hammelrath, L., Kovacs, G., Schirmer, W., Petrick, H., Becker, P., & Schaeuffele, C. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100723 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…strategies (Hornstein et al., 2023) could be explored in future studies and applications, such as basing the tailoring decisions on the strengths and weaknesses in the transdiagnostic processes to which the modules correspond (Cheavens et al., 2012; Sauer-Zavala et al., 2022), or on AI algorithms.”
BackgroundMeasuring Emotion Regulation Skill Use During Treatment: A Promising Methodological Approach
Nauphal, M., Curreri, A. J., Cardona, N. D., Meyer, E. R., Southward, M. W., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211063229 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Given that capitalizing on client strengths has been shown lead to more rapid improvements (Cheavens et al., 2012), the clinician may begin treatment with modules dedicated to practicing that skill and sequentially test the delivery of other adaptive skills as treatment progresses.”
BackgroundEthnic differences in behavioral and physiological indicators of sensitivity to threat
Correa, K. A., Carrillo, V. L., Funkhouser, C. J., Shenberger, E., & Shankman, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102508 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Murphy, D. J., Porter, M. M., Mackenzie, C. S., & Chipperfield, J. G. (2024) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1080/02701960.2024.2360395 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…in older adults is in line with the capitalization model of intervention (Geiger et al., 2016), which suggests focusing on strengths (e.g., mindfulness) and is preferable to focusing on weaknesses (Cheavens, Strunk, Lazarus, & Goldstein, 2012; Wingate, van Orden, Joiner, Williams, & Rudd, 2005).”
Meine, L. E., Müller-Bardorff, M., Recher, D., Paersch, C., Schulz, A., Spiller, T. R., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Kowatsch, T., Fisher, A. J., & Kleim, B. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102914 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
NEO-FFI personality clusters in trichotillomania
Keuthen, N. J., Tung, E. S., Tung, M. G., Curley, E. E., & Flessner, C. A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flückiger, C., Znoj, H., & Vîslă, A. (2016) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000081 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploring personalized psychotherapy for depression: A system dynamics approach
Wittenborn, A. K., & Hosseinichimeh, N. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276441 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cloître, M., Lovelund, A. A., Jackson, C., Edward, D., & Baker, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23572 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Research on depression indicates that the selection of skills that strengthen existing competencies rather than fill a gap (compensatory) result in greater decrease in symptoms (Cheavens et al., 2012).”
BackgroundFlückiger, C., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_23 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Strupf, M., Wiechers, M., Bajbouj, M., Böge, K., Karnouk, C., Goerigk, S. A., Kamp‐Becker, I., Banaschewski, T., Rapp, M. A., Hasan, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.050 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Murphy, S. T., Cooper, A. A., Hollars, S. N., & Strunk, D. R. (2021) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSitnikov, L., Rohan, K. J., Evans, M., Mahon, J. N., & Nillni, Y. I. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.09.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In contrast, under the capitalization model, the most effective intervention option would target an individual’s strengths to bolster them further (Cheavens et al., 2012; Simon & Perlis, 2010).”
MethodResultInfluentialDevelopment and initial validation of the Styles of Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Murphy, S. T., Cheavens, J. S., & Strunk, D. R. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111050 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationZilcha‐Mano, S., Shahar, B., Fisher, H., Dolev‐Amit, T., Greenberg, L. S., & Barber, J. P. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03279-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flückiger, C., Wolfer, C., Held, J., Hilpert, P., Rubel, J. A., Allemand, M., Zinbarg, R. E., & Vîslă, A. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1666-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“With respect to the differences between the two comparative conditions, based on prior studies with transdiagnostic disorders [94], social phobia [95], depression [96], and GAD [64], we planned to demonstrate a medium effect size of Cohen’s d = 0.”
MethodDoes extraversion increase following a three‐hour flirt training? Exploring two training routes
Allemand, M., Gmür, B., & Flückiger, C. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12803 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Johnson, S. U., & Hoffart, A. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2361 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Argyriou, E., Grös, D. F., Hernandez‐Tejada, M. A., Muzzy, W. A., & Acierno, R. E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.028 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schürmann‐Vengels, J., Teismann, T., Margraf, J., & Willutzki, U. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23352 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Weiss, B., Han, S. S., Tran, N. T., Gallop, R., & Ngo, V. K. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9952-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Godara, M., & Singer, T. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14050493 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Such a view would align with empirical findings supporting the capitalization view of treat-ment gains, i.e., those with existing strengths are able to capitalize on them to reap greater benefits from a treatment [20,21].”
More than Meets the “I”: A Panoramic View of Epistemic Trust in Psychotherapy
Fisher, S., Fonagy, P., & Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2024) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000541667 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Is a better planned day a healthier day? A daily diary study
Anderson, A. R. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1841763 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Positive psychology in dual diagnosis recovery: a mixed methods study with drug and alcohol workers
Gomez, K. U., Carson, J. F., Brown, G., & Holland, M. (2020) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2020.1760376 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Framing an intervention as focused on one's strength: Does framing enhance therapeutic benefit?
Murphy, S. T., Cheavens, J. S., & Strunk, D. R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23302 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationProbst, G., Vîslă, A., & Flückiger, C. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102635 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Schürmann‐Vengels, J., Appelbaum, S., Apel, M.-K., Trimpop, L. F., Muermans, M. M., Ostermann, T., Teismann, T., & Willutzki, U. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2146543 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Findings from the field of psychotherapy research indicated that a global variable of pre-therapy strengths incrementallypredicted treatmentoutcome,evenwhen controlling for baseline symptoms and interpersonal problems (Cheavens et al., 2012; Schürmann-Vengels et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMurphy, S. T., Vittorio, L. N., & Strunk, D. R. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2152397 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Although findings have been mixed, there is some evidence suggesting that participants may respond more positively to interventions that harness a pre-existing skill (Cheavens et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLubbers, J., Spinhoven, P., Cladder-Micus, M. B., Spijker, J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Geurts, D. E. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02298-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Based on a compensation model (Cheavens et al., 2012), it could be argued that in particular individuals with lower levels of mindfulness skills at baseline will profit from MBIs such as MBCT because an existent deficiency is targeted.”
- Authors
- Cheavens, J. S., Strunk, D. R., Lazarus, S. A., & Goldstein, L. A.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cheavens, Jennifer S.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 699-706
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994384348
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- depression, cognitive behavioral therapy, personalized treatment, major depressive disorder, treatment response, strengths-based intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Recurrence, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Self Report
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