Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Abstract
Despite widespread scientific and popular interest in mindfulness-based interventions, questions regarding the empirical status of these treatments remain. We sought to examine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for clinical populations on disorder-specific symptoms. To address the question of relative efficacy, we coded the strength of the comparison group into five categories: no treatment, minimal treatment, non-specific active control, specific active control, and evidence-based treatment. A total of 142 non-overlapping samples and 12,005 participants were included. At post-treatment, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment (d=0.55), minimal treatment (d=0.37), non-specific active controls (d=0.35), and specific active controls (d=0.23). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from evidence-based treatments (d=-0.004). At follow-up, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment conditions (d=0.50), non-specific active controls (d=0.52), and specific active controls (d=0.29). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from minimal treatment conditions (d=0.38) and evidence-based treatments (d=0.09). Effects on specific disorder subgroups showed the most consistent evidence in support of mindfulness for depression, pain conditions, smoking, and addictive disorders. Results support the notion that mindfulness-based interventions hold promise as evidence-based treatments.
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- Finding
At post-treatment, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment, minimal treatment, non-specific active control, and specific active control conditions.
“Mindfulness-based interventions were shown to be superior to no treatment conditions (k = 89, d = 0.55 95% CI 0.47 to 0.63), minimal treatment conditions (k = 4, d = 0.37 95% CI 0.03 to 0.71), non-specific treatment conditions (k = 9, d = 0.35 95% CI 0.09 to 0.62), and specific treatment conditions (k = 42, d = 0.23 95% CI 0.12 to 0.34).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The authors conclude that mindfulness therapies have an empirical basis and are generally similar in potency to first-line psychological and psychiatric interventions when directly compared.
“our results suggest that there is an empirical basis for mindfulness-based therapies. Mindfulness treatments were shown, in general, to be of similar potency with first-line psychological (and psychiatric) interventions when compared directly”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Compared with evidence-based treatments, mindfulness was equivalent for depression and superior for smoking.
“When compared with EBTs, disorder was a significant moderator (Q[2] = 14.51, p = .001). Mindfulness-based interventions were superior to EBTs for smoking (d = 0.42) and equivalent to EBTs for anxiety and depression (ds = −0.01 to −0.18).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Across studies, the most commonly studied disorder was depression, and most studies had a follow-up assessment.
“The most commonly studied disorder was depression (30.41%; see Supplemental Materials Figure 1a). The majority of studies included a follow-up assessment time point (k = 79, 55.63%).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
For no-treatment comparisons, disorder moderated effects at post-treatment, with superiority shown for depression, pain, and schizophrenia.
“For studies using a no treatment comparison, disorder was a significant moderator (Q[2] = 6.46, p = .040). Mindfulness-based interventions showed superior effects for depression, pain, and schizophrenia, with ds ranging from 0.48 to 1.18 (Figure 5).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Figure 5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
At longest follow-up, mindfulness-based interventions did not differ statistically from minimal treatment conditions or evidence-based treatments.
“Mindfulness-based interventions did not differ statistically from minimal treatment conditions (k = 4, d = 0.38 95% CI −0.05 to 0.82) and EBTs (k = 15, d = 0.09 95% CI −0.14 to 0.33).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
At longest follow-up, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment, non-specific active control, and specific active control conditions.
“Mindfulness-based interventions were shown to be superior to no treatment conditions (k = 37, d = 0.50 95% CI 0.36 to 0.65), nonspecific treatment conditions (k = 4, d = 0.52 95% CI 0.05 to 0.99), and specific active controls (k = 29, d = 0.29 95% CI 0.13 to 0.45).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
At post-treatment, mindfulness-based interventions did not differ from evidence-based treatments.
“Mindfulness-based interventions did not differ from EBTs (k = 28, d = −0.004 95% CI −0.15 to 0.14).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
For specific active control comparisons, mindfulness was superior for depression and equivalent for addictions, pain, and weight/eating.
“For specific active control conditions, disorder was not a significant moderator (Q[3] = 1.22, p = .748). Mindfulness-based interventions were superior to the comparison group for depression (d = 0.35) and equivalent to the comparison group for addictions, pain, and weight/eating (ds = 0.18 to 0.38).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The abstract states that results support mindfulness-based interventions as promising evidence-based treatments.
“Results support the notion that mindfulness-based interventions hold promise as evidence-based treatments.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Method
The review included only randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based interventions for adult patients with psychiatric diagnoses that have evidence-based treatments.
“We included all RCTs of mindfulness-based interventions for adult patients with psychiatric diagnoses for which there are evidence-based treatments per the American Psychological Association’s (APA, 2017) Division 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology; see Supplemental Materials Table 1a).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites APA, 2017
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- Method
The authors searched for studies using the terms "mindfulness" and "random*" and restricted to clinical trials when possible.
“We used the search terms “mindfulness” and “random*”. When a database allowed, we restricted our search to clinical trials.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Method
Study screening was done independently by the first author and a second co-author, with disagreements resolved by discussion with the senior author.
“Titles and/or abstracts of potential studies were independently coded by the first author and a second co-author. Disagreements were discussed with the senior author until a consensus was reached.”
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Meta-analyses have found that evidence-based MBIs such as MBSR and MBCT reduce psychiatric symptoms including depression, anxiety, and substance use.
“MBIs may specifically benefit sexual minority men, as meta-analyses have found that evidence-based MBIs such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 2003) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Teasdale et al., 2000) reduce psychiatric symptoms including depression, anxiety, and substance use (Goldberg et al., 2018, 2022), which commonly affect sexual minority men.”
From Mindfulness for Reducing Minority Stress and Promoting Health Among Sexual Minority Men: Uncovering Intervention Principles and Techniques (2022) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al., 2018
The Abstract and Discussion report that MBIs improve psychiatric outcomes, with the clearest evidence for depression and benefits for anxiety relative to no treatment. The substance-use claim needs qualification: the Results found no statistically clear advantage over no treatment for addictions, although the Discussion reports support for smoking and addictive disorders. The paper therefore does not establish an unqualified reduction across all three symptom categories. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMBCT and MBSR are considered evidence-based treatments and are efficacious for various mental health problems and psychiatric symptoms.
“Currently, both MBCT and MBSR are considered evidence-based treatments and are efficacious for various mental health problems and psychiatric symptoms [44].”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for Chinese adults with PTSD symptoms: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
The Abstract and Discussion report that mindfulness-based interventions reduce psychiatric symptoms across several conditions and hold promise as evidence-based treatments. The Method explicitly includes MBCT, but the reported efficacy is for mindfulness interventions as a group; our copy does not establish separately that both MBCT and MBSR are already considered evidence-based treatments. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPre-post increased observing and reduced reactivity to inner experience mediated the effect of a mindfulness-based intervention against waitlist on pre-post reduction in depression symptoms in stressed meditation-naïve individuals.
“For example, pre–post increased observing and reduced reactivity to inner experience mediated the effect of an MBI against waitlist on pre–post reduction in depression symptoms in stressed meditation-naïve individuals [33].”
From Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
The Results (Synthesis of Results; page unavailable) report that mindfulness-based interventions improved depression outcomes relative to no-treatment controls. But the paper does not report that increased observing or reduced reactivity mediated this effect in stressed, meditation-naïve individuals. The Method (Eligibility Criteria; page unavailable) says elevated stress alone did not qualify a sample for inclusion. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness meditation is associated with improved physical health outcomes and pain management.
“Mindfulness meditation has been associated with improved physical health outcomes and pain management [14].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results (Synthesis of Results; page unavailable) report better pain and weight/eating-related outcomes with mindfulness-based interventions than with no treatment, supporting the pain-management part of the claim. The Discussion (page unavailable) also says these interventions performed on par with other active therapies for those conditions. The paper examines disorder-specific outcomes, however, rather than establishing improvements in physical health outcomes broadly. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMBIs have repeatedly been shown effective in improving coping with negative emotions in patients with mood and anxiety disorders and in patients with chronic pain.
“MBIs have repeatedly been shown effective in improving coping with negative emotions, both in patients with mood and anxiety disorders (Goldberg et al., 2018) and in patients with chronic pain (Chiesa & Serretti, 2011; Esmer et al., 2010; Garland et al., 2014, 2012).”
From Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic noncancer pain and prescription opioid use disorder: A qualitative pilot study of its feasibility and the perceived process of change (2023) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al., 2018
The Results (Synthesis of Results; page unavailable) report that mindfulness-based interventions improved disorder-specific outcomes for anxiety and depression relative to no treatment. The paper assesses symptoms, however, rather than showing that patients improved their coping with negative emotions. The chronic-pain portion of the sentence is attributed to other citations, not Goldberg et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Mindfulness-based interventions have positive effects on well-being and alleviate anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms.
“inferring positive effects on well-being, alleviation of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms [14].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results (Synthesis of Results; page unavailable) report better anxiety- and depression-related outcomes with mindfulness-based interventions than with no treatment. The paper does not establish improved well-being or reduced stress symptoms; its Eligibility Criteria (page unavailable) state that elevated stress alone was not considered a clinical condition. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWeakening of stress responses is a core mechanism through which MBIs exert beneficial effects on mental and physical health.
“The weakening of stress responses has been indicated as a core mechanism through which MBIs exert their beneficial effects on both mental and physical health [14].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results (Synthesis of Results; page unavailable) report beneficial effects of mindfulness-based interventions on several disorder-specific outcomes, including depression and pain. But the paper does not identify weakened stress responses as a core mechanism, and its findings do not establish benefits to physical health broadly. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGoldberg 2018 pooled data from four of seven included studies and showed significantly greater smoking abstinence rates in smokers who received mindfulness treatment compared to control (d 0.42, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.64; I2 = 11%; 587 participants).
“Pooled data from four of the seven included studies showed significantly greater smoking abstinence rates in smokers who received mindfulness treatment compared to control (d 0.42, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.64; I2 = 11%; 587 participants).”
From Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · cites this paper as Goldberg 2018
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSimilar to Oikonomou 2017, Goldberg 2018 differs from this review's results because it included Brewer 2011, which showed a strong benefit of mindfulness on abstinence rates.
“Similar to Oikonomou 2017, this differs from our results because it included Brewer 2011, which showed a strong benefit of mindfulness on abstinence rates.”
From Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · cites this paper as Goldberg 2018
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that mindfulness outperformed evidence-based treatments for smoking, supporting a benefit in the review’s smoking results. Our copy does not establish that Brewer 2011 was included, that it showed a strong benefit specifically in abstinence rates, or that its inclusion explains the difference between the reviews (searched: Brewer 2011, abstinence rates). (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is an extensive body of literature describing the use of MBIs in a wide variety of disorders including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress.
“there is an extensive body of literature describing the use of these techniques in a wide variety of disorders including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress.5,6”
From Mindfulness-based Interventions: Can They Improve Self-care and Psychological Well-being? (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results (Study Selection) report 171 studies of mindfulness-based interventions, and the Discussion describes a wide range of psychiatric conditions, including anxiety and depression. Searches for “PTSD” and “posttraumatic” found no passage in our copy specifically addressing posttraumatic stress, so that example is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMeta-analyses involving hundreds of RCTs suggest that meditation training can decrease psychological symptoms and increase aspects of well-being and positive functioning.
“Meta-analyses involving hundreds of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that meditation training can decrease psychological symptoms (eg, depression, anxiety, stress) and increase aspects of well-being and positive functioning (eg, meaning in life, compassion, prosocial behavior) [6-15].”
From Testing the efficacy of a multicomponent, self-guided, smartphone-based meditation app: Three-armed randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The Abstract and Discussion report that mindfulness-based interventions reduced disorder-specific psychiatric symptoms; the review included 142 non-overlapping samples. The paper does not establish increases in meaning in life, compassion, prosocial behavior, or other positive-functioning outcomes. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMeta-analyses consistently point to reductions in symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression from MBSR in both clinical and non-clinical populations.
“It has a growing evidence base with meta-analyses consistently pointing to reductions in symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression in both clinical and non-clinical populations [1, 14, 15].”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction adapted to pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities—a protocol for a randomized feasibility study in a Danish hospital-based outpatient setting (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The Discussion reports improvement in depression and anxiety outcomes with mindfulness-based interventions in clinical populations. The Abstract and Method > Eligibility Criteria make clear that this review examined disorder-specific outcomes in clinical samples, not non-clinical populations or elevated stress alone. Its findings also concern mindfulness-based interventions broadly, rather than MBSR alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGoldberg et al. [21] found MBIs equivalent both to the comparison group and to evidence-based treatment.
“and by Goldberg et al. [21], where mindfulness-based interventions were equivalent both to the comparison group and to evidence-based treatment.”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety disorders. A systematic meta-review (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results (Synthesis of Results; page not provided) report that mindfulness-based interventions did not differ from evidence-based treatments. They were superior to four other types of comparison group at post-treatment, so the claim of equivalence to the comparison group without specifying its type overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFew reviews offered data about methodological quality of selected studies; in those that did, quality ranged from moderate to low.
“Few reviews offered data about the methodological quality of the studies selected. In those that did, the quality ranged from moderate to low [21,29].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety disorders. A systematic meta-review (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
The Method and Results sections on risk of bias report methodological-quality indicators for the studies included in this review, including intent-to-treat analyses and non-self-report measures (page unavailable). They do not say that few reviews reported such data or rate study quality as ranging from moderate to low. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese reasons include use of different sample types, differences in patient age, different meditation practices, absence of active control, and no double-blind design.
“These include the use of different sample types: patients, subclinical samples, or non-clinical samples (e.g., [19]); differences in patient age (e.g., [20]); or the study of different meditation practices, with varying numbers of sessions, the absence of a comparison active control group, and no double-blind design [21].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety disorders. A systematic meta-review (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
For the portion attributed to [21], the Method (Data Items) distinguishes types of mindfulness intervention and control condition, and the Results (Synthesis of Results) compare studies with and without active controls. The Method (Eligibility Criteria) requires more than one session, but the cited passages do not establish varying session counts as a reason for differing findings. No passage found addresses the alleged absence of double-blind designs. The sample-type and age examples are attached to other citations, not [21]. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe results are consistent with meta-analysis studies showing positive effects from mindfulness-meditation programs for depression and anxiety at post-intervention and follow-up.
“These results are consistent with the results of meta-analysis studies, which have shown positive effects from mindfulness-meditation programs for depression and anxiety at post-intervention and FU [30, 31].”
From Changes in depression and anxiety through mindfulness group therapy in Japan: The role of mindfulness and self-compassion as possible mediators (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
The Results (Synthesis of Results; page not supplied) report positive effects for both anxiety and depression versus no treatment at post-treatment, and for depression at follow-up. The follow-up disorder-specific results do not establish a positive effect for anxiety, so the claim's inclusion of anxiety at follow-up is unsupported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness-based approaches are effective in managing a wide range of mental health concerns in the general population.
“mindfulness-based approaches, which are effective in managing a wide range of mental health concerns in the general population (Creswell, 2016; Goldberg et al., 2018; Hofmann et al., 2010)”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al., 2018
The Abstract reports benefits across several psychiatric conditions, particularly depression, pain conditions, smoking, and addictive disorders. But the Method > Eligibility Criteria limits the review to adults with psychiatric diagnoses or elevated disorder symptoms; it does not establish effectiveness in the general population. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubsequent research supports mindfulness interventions as a group for depression and anxiety, but not MBSR for mental health or long-term pain and function in back pain patients.
“Subsequent research has provided more support for the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions as a group for depression and anxiety,29 but not for benefits of MBSR for mental health or long-term benefits for pain and function among patients with back pain.1”
Psychological benefits associated with meditation are well-documented.
“Although psychological benefits associated with meditation are well-documented, potential risks are unclear.”
From Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States (2022) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al., 2018
Some included studies did not take post-intervention measurements, hindering knowledge about maintenance of improvements.
“Additionally, in some studies, post-intervention measurements were not taken, hindering knowledge about the maintenance of improvements [46,48,49].”
From Third-Generation Therapies for the Management of Psychoactive Substance Use in Young People: Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
MBIs have demonstrated efficacy in reducing psychopathological symptoms.
“MBIs have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing psychopathological symptoms [14].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Mindfulness-based interventions are superior to the comparison group and equivalent to evidence-based treatments for depression.
“Another meta-analysis suggests that mindfulness-based interventions were superior to the comparison group and equivalent to evidence-based treatments for depression [17].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
These effects are considerably smaller than those produced by in-person MBIs (eg, d=0.55 vs waitlist).
“These effects are considerably smaller than those produced by in-person MBIs (eg, d=0.55 vs waitlist) [9].”
From Testing the efficacy of a multicomponent, self-guided, smartphone-based meditation app: Three-armed randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
Mindfulness-based interventions are promising non-pharmacological interventions for mental disorders or symptoms.
“Mindfulness-based interventions are promising non-pharmacological interventions for mental disorders or symptoms, and performance has been found to be equivalent to evidence-based treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication for some disorders [1, 2].”
The performance of mindfulness-based interventions is equivalent to evidence-based treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication for some disorders.
“Mindfulness-based interventions are promising non-pharmacological interventions for mental disorders or symptoms, and performance has been found to be equivalent to evidence-based treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication for some disorders [1, 2].”
In Goldberg et al. [21], Strauss et al. [13], and Hodann-Caudevilla and Serrano-Pintado [32], MBI effectiveness was not superior to CBT intervention.
“In Goldberg et al. [21], Strauss et al. [13], and Hodann-Caudevilla and Serrano-Pintado [32], MBI effectiveness was not superior to CBT intervention.”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety disorders. A systematic meta-review (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
Five RSs/MAs included studies where MBIs were compared with well-established CBT treatments.
“Five RSs/MAs included studies where MBIs were compared with well-established cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatments [21,23,30,33,35].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety disorders. A systematic meta-review (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
When addressing depression and anxiety, the impact of online MBIs appears similar to MBIs in traditional face-to-face format and to other common interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy.
“Thus, when addressing depression and anxiety, the impact of online MBIs appears similar to MBIs in traditional face-to-face format [14,23], as well as to other common interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy [134,135].”
From New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Mindfulness-based interventions are gathering empirical evidence for emotional distress in the general population, for medical conditions, and for psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, addictive behaviour, and psychosis.
“Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have increased exponentially over the past three decades and they are gathering empirical evidence for emotional distress in the general population [17], for medical conditions [18], and for psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, addictive behaviour, and psychosis [19].”
These interventions are associated with decreased levels of psychological distress.
“It has also been established that these interventions are associated with decreased levels of psychological distress (Goldberg et al., 2018; Hofmann et al., 2010; Sevinc et al., 2018).”
From Participant experiences of change in mindfulness-based stress reduction for anxiety disorders. (2020) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al., 2018
Strong evidence indicates that MBIs may benefit psychological health, and less so physical health, in both clinical and non-clinical groups.
“there is overwhelming evidence that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) might be helpful for psychological and to a lesser extent physical health in clinical5,6 and non-clinical populations7,8.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
MBIs modestly outperform non-specific control conditions on psychiatric symptoms in clinical samples and show similar-sized effects for depression and anxiety in non-clinical samples, with wider confidence intervals due largely to fewer studies.
“MBIs modestly outperform non-specific control conditions (conditions that control for time and instructor attention but that lack components intended to be therapeutic54) on psychiatric symptoms in clinical samples6,77 and show effects of similar magnitude for depression and anxiety symptoms in non-clinical samples (although confidence intervals around effect size estimates are wider due largely”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Some evidence indicates MBIs slightly outperform specific active controls on psychiatric symptoms but not physical health conditions.
“There is some evidence that MBIs slightly outperform specific active controls (other interventions intended to be therapeutic, such as physical exercise or relaxation training54) on psychiatric symptoms6 but not physical health conditions5.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
When directly compared, MBIs produce outcomes very similar to frontline evidence-based treatments such as CBT and antidepressants.
“When compared directly, MBIs produce outcomes very similar to frontline, evidence-based treatments (for example, CBT and antidepressants)6,79.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
MBIs produce moderate benefits (SMD ≈ ≥0.50) relative to no treatment in RCTs and moderate effects (SMD ≈ ≥0.50) in naturalistic settings.
“First, MBIs produce moderate benefits (standardized mean difference ≈ ≥ 0.50) relative to no treatment in RCTs6,7 and also show moderate effects (standardized mean difference ≈ ≥ 0.50) in naturalistic settings101,102 (absolute efficacy).”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
The effects of MBCT appear maintained at follow-up and robust to publication bias, study quality, and sensitivity analysis.
“These effects appear to be maintained at follow-up, and robust when accounting for publication bias, study quality features and sensitivity analysis (Goldberg et al. 2018).”
From The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services (2020) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al. 2018
MBCT performs as well as other comparable evidence-based treatments such as group CBT.
“MBCT has been shown to perform as well as other comparable evidence-based treatments such as group CBT (Goldberg et al. 2018; Strauss et al. 2014).”
From The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services (2020) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al. 2018
Existing clinical trials of MBCT for relapse prevention in depression have also focussed largely on Caucasian samples and/or have not reported information on the ethnicity of participants.
“Existing clinical trials of MBCT for relapse prevention in depression have also focussed largely on Caucasian samples and/or have not reported information on the ethnicity of participants (e.g. Goldberg et al. 2018; Kuyken et al. 2016).”
From The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services (2020) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al. 2018
For psychiatric disorders and symptoms, mindfulness-based interventions have been shown through meta-analysis to be efficacious and comparable to other active, head-to-head treatments.
“for psychiatric disorders and symptoms mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been shown through meta-analysis to be efficacious and comparable to other active, head-to-head treatments [4].”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
A meta-analysis focused on the broad clinical efficacy of MBIs for a range of psychiatric disorders found MBIs to be superior to active control conditions and comparable to other evidence-based treatments for addiction/smoking.
“a meta-analysis focused on the broad clinical efficacy of MBIs for a range pf psychiatric disorders conducted subgroup analyses to examine the effects of MBIs on addiction/smoking and found MBIs to be superior to active control conditions and comparable to other evidence-based treatments [4].”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Mindfulness has been consistently identified as a protective factor for psychological distress.
“Mindfulness, defined as “paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” ([31], p. 4), has been consistently identified as a protective factor for psychological distress [11, 25, 32].”
From Psychiatric symptoms, risk, and protective factors among university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in China (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Mindfulness-Based Interventions reduce self-reported anxiety, depression, and stress.
“Several studies have highlighted the benefits of MBIs mainly in terms of self-reported reductions in anxiety, depression and stress levels [23,24,25].”
From Positive Impact of Mindfulness Meditation on Mental Health of Female Teachers during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Four-category scheme distinguishes between therapeutic and non-therapeutic controls, defined as non-specific and specific active controls, while combining minimal treatment controls into a single group.
“This scheme also distinguishes between therapeutic and non-therapeutic controls, defined as non-specific and specific active controls42,43, while combining minimal treatment controls into a single group.”
From Selecting and describing control conditions in mobile health randomized controlled trials: a proposed typology (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
As control conditions can dramatically impact effect sizes observed in RCTs of psychological interventions generally and mHealth RCTs specifically, considering control conditions to be a single category is typically not defensible.
“As control conditions can dramatically impact effect sizes observed in RCTs of psychological interventions generally58,59 and mHealth RCTs specifically44, considering control conditions to be a single category is typically not defensible.”
From Selecting and describing control conditions in mobile health randomized controlled trials: a proposed typology (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
Evidence-based mindfulness programs have well-established benefits for a wide range of populations and outcome variables.
“The benefits of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) for a wide range of populations and outcome variables are well supported in meta-analytic reviews (Dawson et al. 2019; Demarzo et al. 2015; Goldberg et al. 2018; Khoury et al. 2013).”
From Frequency of Self-reported Unpleasant Events and Harm in a Mindfulness-Based Program in Two General Population Samples (2021) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al. 2018
Our results differ in some respects from recent reviews looking at MBPs for university students and for patients with mental health problems.
“Our results differ in some respects from those of recent reviews looking at MBPs for university students [29,31] and from those looking at MBPs for patients with mental health problems [57,292].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Post-treatment moderator test has the wrong degrees of freedom
MinorThe specific-active-control analysis lists five disorder categories, which require four degrees of freedom for a test of differences among them, not three. The reported p-value of .305 also corresponds to four degrees of freedom for Q = 4.84.
“For specific active control conditions, disorder was not a significant moderator (Q[3] = 4.84, p = .305).”
“Mindfulness-based interventions were superior to the comparison group for depression and addiction (ds = 0.27 to 0.38) and equivalent to the comparison group for anxiety, pain, and weight/eating (ds = 0.03 to 0.15).”
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Self-citationLong-term mindfulness training is associated with reliable differences in resting respiration rate
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Pre-existing brain function predicts subsequent practice of mindfulness and compassion meditation
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Goldberg, S. B., Riordan, K. M., Sun, S., & Davidson, R. J. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620968771 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
“76]) but did not differ from zero and was based on only four studies (Goldberg et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMindfulness Meditation and Psychopathology
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Self-citationMindfulness and Behavior Change
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“comes than psychoeducation and support groups and comparable outcomes to cognitive-behavioral therapy and maintenance antidepressant medication (Goldberg et al., 2018; Kuyken et al., 2016).”
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“Over the past decades, a large number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted on the effectiveness of MBIs in various target groups [8-24].”
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Mindfulness meditation increases default mode, salience, and central executive network connectivity
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Self-citationPrevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States
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Self-citationParent Mindfulness, Parenting, and Child Psychopathology in China
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Mindfulness-Based Programs: Why, When, and How to Adapt?
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“Meta-analyses suggest that dispositional mindfulness along with both short-term (eg, mindfulness inductions) and long-term (eg, mindfulness-based interventions such as MBSR) training are associated with decreased psychiatric symptoms, negative affect, substance use, and neuroticism [9,49-53].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAn affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction-related changes in posterior cingulate resting brain connectivity
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Self-citationEfficacy and acceptability of interventions for co-occurring PTSD and SUD: A meta-analysis
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The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services
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Mindfulness-based interventions for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Coping With COVID-19: Mindfulness-Based Approaches for Mitigating Mental Health Crisis
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Hope and Optimism as an Opportunity to Improve the “Positive Mental Health” Demand
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A Framework for the Empirical Investigation of Mindfulness Meditative Development
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
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Mindfulness as a way to cope with COVID‐19‐related stress and anxiety.
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Combining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice
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From State-to-Trait Meditation: Reconfiguration of Central Executive and Default Mode Networks
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Improving Depression Outcome by Patient-Centered Medical Management
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A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions
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Mindfulness in migraine: A narrative review
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Self-citationRunning too far ahead? Towards a broader understanding of mindfulness in organisations
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Self-citationThe practice of meditation is not associated with improved interoceptive awareness of the heartbeat
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“…adjuvant (i.e., superior to no treatment or treatment-as-usual) in certain healthcare settings, although the clinical effects often do not separate from other active treatments (Goldberg et al., 2018; Hedman-Lagerlof, Hedman-Lagerlof, & Ost, 2018; Wielgosz, Goldberg, Kral, Dunne, & Davidson, 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe (In)flexible self: Psychopathology, mindfulness, and neuroscience
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Mindfulness-based interventions among people of color: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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“In addition, eligible studies need to include a mindfulness-based intervention, which is defined in consistence with previous meta-analyses on MBIs (e.g., Dunning et al., 2018; Goldberg et al., 2018) and the conceptual definition of mindfulness-based programs (Crane et al.”
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Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression
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Stimulating Intrinsic Motivation in Millennial Students: A New Generation, a New Approach
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The Biological Measurements of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction: A Systematic Review
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Developing leaders through mindfulness practice
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- Authors
- Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldberg, Simon B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 59
- Pages
- 52-60
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5741505
- OpenAlex
- W2767954023
- Cited by
- 1,145
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 141 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 12.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (P01AT004952)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, mental illness, treatment efficacy, active control, depression, pain conditions, smoking cessation, addiction, follow-up outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Treatment Outcome, Meditation, Evidence-Based Practice, Mindfulness
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