COVID ‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University

“To reinforce the idea implied by Teacher 4 in the process of implementation of emergency remote teaching, obtaining backing from the teacher assistants can serve as a helpful support (Bao, 2020) in managing the atmosphere for a conducive flow of learning among the students in a virtual class.”

“© 2021 Taylor & Francis In the university setting, confinement has meant the suspension of face-to-face university activity and the implementation of online education systems, supported by contingency plans for emergencies (Bao, 2020; Ozamiz-Etxebarria, Santa María, Munitis, & Gorrotxategi, 2020).”

“This has also been emphasized in other studies from different parts of the world, for example, China, Pakistan, and Malaysia.[10,25,26] The impact of reduced patient exposure and deficient bedside teaching during the pandemic has been reflected in a study where deterioration in clinical and surgical skills among medic…”

“…to participate in online learning might have been further exacerbated by the emergent conditions under which they were forced to adopt online learning methods as both teachers and students were unprepared for the sudden transition (Aguilera-Hermida, 2020; Aguilera-Hermida et al., 2021; Bao, 2020).”

“However, in this regard, [22], in his study about COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education, focused on a case of Peking University’s online education, and suggested five high-impact principles for online education: first, high relevance between online instructional design and student learning; second, effectiv…”

“In this research paper Wei Bao focuses on a case of Peking University in China[8].”

“…new turn with the changing paradigm of learning behaviors from classroom face-to-face education to electronic learning of the students (Moore et al., 2011; Lahti et al., 2014; Cidral et al., 2018; Hasan and Bao, 2020; Lasfeto, 2020; Mousavi et al., 2020; Nie et al., 2020; Thandevaraj et al., 2021).”

“Bao (2020) opines those strategies that would improve e-learningmay include a well-thoughtout plan that deals with unexpected interruptions that may disorganize e-learning platforms, effective delivery of e-learning instructional information, provision of enough support by the university to…”

“Empirical studies have also revealed that a lack of technical support and training during the pandemic was common, and faculty members had to rely on informal, self-directed learning with their professional learning networks and teaching assistance (Bao, 2020; Valsaraj et al., 2021).”

“In recent years, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many schools have had to shift from traditional classroom to online learning (Bao, 2020; Koenig et al., 2020; Mukhtar et al., 2020; Su et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020).”

“The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated remote work and learning, disrupting traditional HEI teamwork models and requiring new virtual collaboration approaches [9].”

“Bao said it is a disruptive shift with moving all learning activities to become online [1].”

“The platforms provided thousands of classes and teaching resources and best practices all over the country [15][16][17].”

“Also, unlike face-to-face instruction, there was a higher probability for students to skip classes in the online mode due to instructors having less control over attendance (Bao 2020).”

“…challenges, it has given an opportunity to utilize innovative and techno-friendly strategies at maximum capacity, to continue imparting quality education, despite decreased face-to-face interaction in the educational institutes, such as introducing a hybrid model of teaching approach (Bao, 2020).”

“During the pandemic, many studies have been carried out on innovations in online learning and education (Arslan, 2020; Bao, 2020, Chang & Yano, 2020; Gonzalez et al., 2020; Erkut, 2020; Lin, 2021; Ozalkan, 2021; Tay et al., 2021).”

“Additionally (Bao, 2020), points out a connection between studying alone at home, an unsuitable learning environment, and a lack of self-discipline.”

“As a result, most teachers and learners have started to teach and learn on a platform they have not experienced before: in front of a screen (Bao, 2020).”

“The quick transition to online teaching during the pandemic resulted in limited technical and pedagogical support for online course design and implementation in higher education [35].”

“Academic research is just beginning to explore the effects of these closures on higher education (Bao, 2020; Blankenberger & Williams, 2020; Viner et al., 2020).”

“These countries are encouraged to follow five principles for providing education through virtual methods as suggested by Bao (2020).”

“In practical terms, the focus on homework environment management is timely, as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to an unprecedented massive shift from conventional face-to-face education to online education (Bao, 2020).”

“In the same vein, Bao 2020) emphasised that since body language and facial expressions were hindered in online education, trainers should use their voices in a more conscious manner as it is the only fully functioning mode of communication; therefore, online teaching, even in synchronous mode,…”

“The prolonged use of computer technology products can also lead to digital fatigue, which may adversely impact learning outcomes [26,32].”

“Further adding to this growing requirement for online homework is COVID-19, as it has induced ‘an unprecedented massive “migration” from traditional in-class face-to-face education to online education’ (Bao, 2020, p. 113).”

“As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced numerous colleges and universities to close their campuses to stop the virus's spread, online learning has increased and is without precedent (Bao, 2020; Sanchez et al., 2021; Dhawan, 2020; Picardal & Sanchez, 2022).”

“This deepened the impact of digital media on higher education (Bao, 2020; Agormedah et al., 2020).”

“, 2020) as well as a description of how institutions and stakeholders were adapting to the new scenarios created by the COVID-19 pandemic (Moorhouse, 2020; Bao, 2020; Yan et al., 2021).”

“This affirms the position of Bao (2020) that the technical requirements of online teaching are much greater than normal face-to-face teaching for the inexperienced or untrained.”

“This situation highlighted the insufficient technical infrastructure, the lack of training in the use and application of educational platforms and the implications for pedagogical and teaching-learning models (Bao, 2020; Hodges et al., 2020; Mulenga and Marbán, 2020; López-Iñesta and Sanz, 2021).”

“Bao (2020) reported best practices of an unspecified number of Chinese instructors from Peking University teaching online: be prepared for unexpected problems, divide the content into smaller lessons to help students focus, focus on “voice” in instruction, use teaching assistants to support…”

“This is possibly because the four dimensions of ELE bolster the two learning modes, which collectively address the problems present in online learning, such as those associated with applying learner-centered approaches, using collaborative learning, fostering teacherstudent interactions, and implementing innovative in…”

“The amount and difficulty degree of the course content should be adapted to the student’s academic preparation and online learning behaviour (Bao, 2020).”

“The progress in remote learning options and resources and telemedicine allowed some students more control over their learning schedules [37].”

“Without these, the online learning will be wasteful (Bao, 2020).”

“opportunities in terms of online recruitment interviews, which Bernstein et al. (2020) identified as “leading to new practices and opportunities.”

“However, nearly all of these concerns have been well reported in available literature [3, 6, 7].”

“Para Bao (2020), una clase on-line requiere de un diseño más elaborado que una clase presencial, ya que se debe brindar no % la exposición de un tema determinado, sino también incluir instructivos claros del desarrollo de la lección para guiar al estudiante en el proceso de adquisición de…”

“In the field of education globally, this tragedy has had an enormous impact, so that it presents its challenges for educational institutions (Ayuni et al., 2020; Bao, 2020; Dewi, 2020; Dhawan, 2020; Fitriyani et al., 2020; Hodges et al., 2020; Sadikin & Hamidah, 2020; World Health Organization, 2020).”

“In the face of ERT, teachers felt unprepared in adjusting to the needed changes (Novara et al., 2021), which required them to either have or quickly develop proper technical skills in order to use the required tools and platforms (Bao, 2020; OECD, 2020).”

“While technology has helped facilitate online classes (Bao, 2020), the lack of face-to-face interaction has rendered it dif fi cult to assess the needs of students and provide the necessary support (M´arquez-Ramos, 2021).”

“Nearly half a million international students had to leave their home countries to continue learning and gain access to the required learning materials (Bao, 2020).”

“…many studies have been published on topics including but not limited to online teaching methods (Crawford et al., 2020; Dhawan, 2020), case studies (Bao, 2020; Mulenga & Marbán, 2020), education strategy (Cahapay, 2020; Rapanta et al., 2020), and the use of technology (Naciri, Baba, Achbani, &…”

“For instance, Bao (2020) found that students' self-regulation is lower than in F2F classes because instructors had less control over online teaching.”

“A fully online course usually requires an extensive design of the lesson plan, instructional tools such as audio and video content, and technical support teams (Bao, 2020).”

“…online learning information, (c) adequate support provided by faculty and teaching assistants to students; (d) high-quality participation to increase the breadth and depth of student learning, and (e) contingency plans to deal with unexpected incidents from online education platforms (Bao, 2020).”

“In China alone, 1 .03 million teachers from 1 454 universities offered 1 .07 million online courses to 17 .75 million college students to facilitate COVID-19 restrictions on personto-person instruction (Ministry of Education, 2020) .”

“Bao (2020), Schrum and Hong (2002), and Wei and Chou (2020) have noted that the difficulties students may face in autonomous learning through the application of technology.”

“…of topics, including general instructional strategies for EOT, its benefits and drawbacks, student perceptions, and reflections on learning in isolation through the crisis (Bao, 2020; Feekery & Condon, 2021; Huang et al., 2020; Peters et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2020; Talidong & Toquero, 2021).”

“Learning is a process of constructing knowledge in social situations (Bao, 2020), rather than passive acceptance.”

“Feedback is a key factor in self-regulated learning and in the assessment process in online environments through such means as online video tutoring, email guidance after class (Bao 2020) and audio feedback (Hast 2021).”

“Notably, online learning emerged as a prominent and acceptable approach, characterising the sec-tor’s digital transformation in higher education (Bao, 2020; Mishra et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2021).”

“To overcome the current situation in education fields due to corona diseases, most of the countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North America, and South America have implemented online education to continue the normal education without disrupting students' futures [1].”

“Institutes of higher education like Universities and colleges were abruptly closed resulting in abandonment of teaching of ongoing courses (Bao, 2020; Chick et al., 2020).”

“organizations to provide courses through online education systems [1].”