Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous heterosexual couples: the HCV partners study.
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: The efficiency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission by sexual activity remains controversial. We conducted a cross-sectional study of HCV-positive subjects and their partners to estimate the risk for HCV infection among monogamous heterosexual couples. A total of 500 anti-HCV-positive, human immunodeficiency virus-negative index subjects and their long-term heterosexual partners were studied. Couples were interviewed separately for lifetime risk factors for HCV infection, within-couple sexual practices, and sharing of personal grooming items. Blood samples were tested for anti-HCV, HCV RNA, and HCV genotype and serotype. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis determined the relatedness of virus isolates among genotype-concordant couples. The majority of HCV-positive index subjects were non-Hispanic white, with a median age of 49 years (range, 26-79 years) and median of 15 years (range, 2-52 years) of sexual activity with their partners. Overall, HCV prevalence among partners was 4% (n=20), and nine couples had concordant genotype/serotype. Viral isolates in three couples (0.6%) were highly related, consistent with transmission of virus within the couple. Based on 8,377 person-years of follow-up, the maximum incidence rate of HCV transmission by sex was 0.07% per year (95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.13) or approximately one per 190,000 sexual contacts. No specific sexual practices were related to HCV positivity among couples. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide quantifiable risk information for counseling long-term monogamous heterosexual couples in which one partner has chronic HCV infection. In addition to the extremely low estimated risk for HCV infection in sexual partners, the lack of association with specific sexual practices provides unambiguous and reassuring counseling messages.
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Incident HCV has not been demonstrated to occur among heterosexual couples followed over time.
“Because incident HCV has not been demonstrated to occur among heterosexual couples followed over time (1334,1371–1373), condom use might not be necessary in such circumstances.”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [1334]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that an Italian study followed HCV-negative partners for an average of 10 years and identified three new HCV infections. Their viral strains were unrelated to those of their partners, so the paper does not demonstrate sexual transmission—but it does contradict the claim that incident HCV was not observed in couples followed over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies have reported either no or minimally increased rates of HCV infection among partners of persons with HCV infection compared with partners of those without HCV.
“Studies of HCV transmission between heterosexual couples and MSM have yielded mixed results; however, studies have reported either no or minimally increased rates of HCV infection among partners of persons with HCV infection compared with partners of those without HCV (1334,1336–1338).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [1334]
The Results (Prevalence and Incidence of HCV Infection in Partners; page not provided) estimate a very low rate of sexual transmission among long-term monogamous heterosexual partners of people with HCV. The study did not compare their HCV infection rates with those of partners of people without HCV, so it does not establish the claimed relative rate. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHCV is not efficiently transmitted through sex.
“HCV is not efficiently transmitted through sex (1333–1335).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [1334]
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- Authors
- Terrault, N. A., Dodge, J. L., Murphy, E. L., Tavis, J. E., Kiss, A., Levin, T. R., Gish, R. G., Busch, M. P., Reingold, A. L., & Alter, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Saint Louis University (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- California Pacific Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Terrault, Norah A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hepatology
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 881-889
- ISSN
- 0270-9139 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4384338
- OpenAlex
- W2159223590
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 20
- FWCI
- 14.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kaiser Permanente
- Blood Systems Research Institute
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK060345, R01DK074515, U01DK060346, P30DK026743)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
- Keywords
- hepatitis C virus, sexual transmission, HCV transmission risk, HCV serotypes, HCV RNA
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, DNA, Viral, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phylogeny, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral, Incidence, Prevalence, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Chronic, Substance-Related Disorders, Heterosexuality, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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