The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps
Open accessAbstract
Despite tremendous research advancements in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), our understanding of sex differences in NAFLD remains insufficient. This review summarizes the current knowledge on sex differences in NAFLD, identifies gaps, and discusses important considerations for future research. The prevalence and severity of NAFLD are higher in men than in women during the reproductive age. However, after menopause, NAFLD occurs at a higher rate in women, suggesting that estrogen is protective. Sex differences also exist for the major risk factors of NAFLD. In general, animal models of NAFLD recapitulate the sex differences observed in patients, with more severe steatosis and steatohepatitis, more proinflammatory/profibrotic cytokines, and a higher incidence of hepatic tumors in male than female subjects. Based on computer modeling, female and male livers are metabolically distinct with unique regulators modulating sex‐specific metabolic outcomes. Analysis of the literature reveals that most published clinical and epidemiological studies fail to examine sex differences appropriately. Considering the paucity of data on sex differences and the knowledge that regulators of pathways relevant to current therapeutic targets for NAFLD differ by sex, clinical trials should be designed to test drug efficacy and safety according to sex, age, reproductive stage (i.e., menopause), and synthetic hormone use. Conclusion: Sex differences do exist in the prevalence, risk factors, fibrosis, and clinical outcomes of NAFLD, suggesting that, while not yet incorporated, sex will probably be considered in future practice guidelines; adequate consideration of sex differences, sex hormones/menopausal status, age, and other reproductive information in clinical investigation and gene association studies of NAFLD are needed to fill current gaps and implement precision medicine for patients with NAFLD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention
Younossi, Z., Anstee, Q. M., Marietti, M., Hardy, T., Henry, L., Eslam, M., George, J., & Bugianesi, E. (2018) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.109 · Cited by 5,249
Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies
Clayton, J. A., & Collins, F. S. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/509282a · Cited by 1,816
Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition
Lovejoy, J. C., Champagne, C. M., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., & Smith, S. R. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.25 · Cited by 1,020 · cited 1×
“1460 to the abdominal position.(11,23) Men and postmenopausal women are at a greater risk of MetS compared to premenopausal women.”
BackgroundKim, D., Kim, R. W., Kim, H. J., & Therneau, T. M. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26156 · Cited by 772
Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index
Haro, C., Rangel-Zúñiga, O. A., Alcalá-Díaz, J. F., Gómez-Delgado, F., Pérez-Martínez, P., Delgado-Lista, J., Quintana-Navarro, G. M., Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortés, J. A., Tena-Sempere, M., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154090 · Cited by 671
Influence of gender and menopausal status on gut microbiota
Santos-Marcos, J. A., Rangel-Zuñiga, O. A., Jimenez-Lucena, R., Quintana-Navarro, G. M., Garcia-Carpintero, S., Malagon, M. M., Landa, B. B., Tena-Sempere, M., Perez-Martinez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J., et al. (2018) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.07.008 · Cited by 287
Suppressive effects of estradiol on dimethylnitrosamine-induced fibrosis of the liver in rats
Yasuda, M., Shimizu, I., Shiba, M., & Ito, S. (1999) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510290307 · Cited by 283
Pedersen, S. B., Kristensen, K., Hermann, P. A., Katzenellenbogen, J. A., & Richelsen, B. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031327 · Cited by 276 · cited 1×
“Estradiol lowers lipolysis and improves adipose tissue insulin sensitivity,(52,53) which in turn reduces excess delivery of FAs to the liver.”
BackgroundEstrogen Regulates Estrogen Receptors and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Baltgalvis, K. A., Greising, S. M., Warren, G. L., & Lowe, D. A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010164 · Cited by 192
Pramfalk, C., Pavlides, M., Banerjee, R., McNeil, C. A., Neubauer, S., Karpe, F., & Hodson, L. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2649 · Cited by 138
Cited by
MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Eslam, M., Sanyal, A. J., George, J., Sanyal, A., Neuschwander-Tetri, B., Tiribelli, C., Kleiner, D. E., Brunt, E., Bugianesi, E., Yki-Järvinen, H., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312 · Cited by 3,286
Self-citationThe prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Riazi, K., Azhari, H., Charette, J. H., Underwood, F. E., King, J. A., Afshar, E. E., Swain, M. G., Congly, S. E., Kaplan, G. G., & Shaheen, A.-A. (2022) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00165-0 · Cited by 2,246
Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0 · Cited by 2,001
Self-citationSex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility
Tramunt, B., Smati, S., Grandgeorge, N., Lenfant, F., Arnal, J.-F., Montagner, A., & Gourdy, P. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-05040-3 · Cited by 923
Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD
Miao, L., Targher, G., Byrne, C. D., Cao, Y.-Y., & Zheng, M.-H. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.007 · Cited by 781
Metadata
- Authors
- Lonardo, A., Nascimbeni, F., Ballestri, S., Fairweather, D., Win, S., Than, T. A., Abdelmalek, M. F., & Suzuki, A.
- Venue
- Hepatology
- Published
- 2019-09-23
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1457-1469
- ISSN
- 0270-9139 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-3350
- OpenAlex
- W2934946727
- Cited by
- 1,050
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 68.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/hep.30626
- The paper
- Lonardo, A., Nascimbeni, F., Ballestri, S., Fairweather, D., Win, S., Than, T. A., Abdelmalek, M. F., & Suzuki, A. (2019). Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps. Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30626
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
