Estrogen Regulates Estrogen Receptors and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Estrogens are associated with the loss of skeletal muscle strength in women with age. Ovarian hormone removal by ovariectomy in mice leads to a loss of muscle strength, which is reversed with 17beta-estradiol replacement. Aging is also associated with an increase in antioxidant stress, and estrogens can improve antioxidant status via their interaction with estrogen receptors (ER) to regulate antioxidant gene expression. The purpose of this study was to determine if ER and antioxidant gene expression in skeletal muscle are responsive to changes in circulating estradiol, and if ERs regulate antioxidant gene expression in this tissue. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Adult C57BL/6 mice underwent ovariectomies or sham surgeries to remove circulating estrogens. These mice were implanted with placebo or 17beta-estradiol pellets acutely or chronically. A separate experiment examined mice that received weekly injections of Faslodex to chronically block ERs. Skeletal muscles were analyzed for expression of ER genes and proteins and antioxidant genes. ERalpha was the most abundant, followed by Gper and ERbeta in both soleus and EDL muscles. The loss of estrogens through ovariectomy induced ERalpha gene and protein expression in the soleus, EDL, and TA muscles at both the acute and chronic time points. Gpx3 mRNA was also induced both acutely and chronically in all 3 muscles in mice receiving 17beta-estradiol. When ERs were blocked using Faslodex, Gpx3 mRNA was downregulated in the soleus muscle, but not the EDL and TA muscles. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data suggest that Gpx3 and ERalpha gene expression are sensitive to circulating estrogens in skeletal muscle. ERs may regulate Gpx3 gene expression in the soleus muscle, but skeletal muscle regulation of Gpx3 via ERs is dependent upon muscle type. Further work is needed to determine the indirect effects of estrogen and ERalpha on Gpx3 expression in skeletal muscle, and their importance in the aging process.
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Skeletal muscle is an estrogen-responsive tissue such that estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and protein levels change with circulating estrogen levels.
“Skeletal muscle is an estrogen-responsive tissue such that estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and protein levels change with circulating estrogen levels (7).”
From Sex-Based Differences in Skeletal Muscle Kinetics and Fiber-Type Composition (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
OVX leads to an increase in overall body weight and muscle weight, and a 70% increase in ERα mRNA with no change in ERβ mRNA.
“OVX leads to an increase in overall body weight and muscle weight (68), and a 70% increase in ERα mRNA with no change in ERβ mRNA (7).”
From Sex-Based Differences in Skeletal Muscle Kinetics and Fiber-Type Composition (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Baltgalvis, K. A., Greising, S. M., Warren, G. L., & Lowe, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Georgia State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baltgalvis, Kristen A.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-04-13
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e10164
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2854140
- OpenAlex
- W2083315142
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Archive @ GSU (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Counseling And Psychological Services Dissertations (Georgia State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (K02AG036827, R01AG031743)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- estrogen, estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, antioxidant gene expression, glutathione peroxidase 3, skeletal muscle, ovariectomy, estradiol, fulvestrant, muscle aging, soleus muscle, muscle fiber type, oxidative stress
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Antioxidants, Estradiol, Estrogens, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Glutathione Peroxidase, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Receptors, Estrogen, Muscle, Skeletal, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Mice
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