Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies
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The species, strain, substrain, sex, weight, and age of animals are critical factors that can influence most experimental results.
“The species, strain, substrain, sex, weight, and age of animals are critical factors that can influence most experimental results [103–107].”
From Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 (2020) · cites this paper as [103]
The passage on animal-model selection (Abstract; page not provided) says that sex can affect the outcome being measured, supporting sex as a relevant experimental factor. The paper does not establish that species, strain, substrain, weight, and age influence results, or that these factors influence most experimental results. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMultiple longitudinal studies have evaluated whether an interaction exists between sex and AF-related risk of mortality, but the results have not been consistent.
“Multiple longitudinal studies have evaluated whether an interaction exists between sex and AF-related risk of mortality, but the results have not been consistent (Supplementary Table S10).”
From Atrial fibrillation in women: epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, and prognosis (2016) · cites this paper as [108]
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- Authors
- Clayton, J. A., & Collins, F. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clayton, Janine A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 509
- Issue
- 7500
- Pages
- 282-283
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5101948
- OpenAlex
- W2027431314
- Cited by
- 1,816
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 120 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 169 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 146 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 151 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 178.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Research Impacts
- Keywords
- sex differences in research, NIH policy, preclinical research, sex-inclusive research, research funding policy, gender equity in science
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Laboratory, Cell Line, Disease Models, Animal, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Female, Financing, Organized, Humans, Male, Multiple Sclerosis, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Neurons, Research Design, Sex Characteristics, Sex Ratio, United States, Peer Review, Research, Substance-Related Disorders, Animal Experimentation, Biomedical Research
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