Probiotic supplementation promotes a reduction in T-cell activation, an increase in Th17 frequencies, and a recovery of intestinal epithelium integrity and mitochondrial morphology in ART-treated HIV-1-positive patients
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: HIV infection is characterized by a persistent immune activation associated to a compromised gut barrier immunity and alterations in the profile of the fecal flora linked with the progression of inflammatory symptoms. The effects of high concentration multistrain probiotic (Vivomixx®, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, Italy in EU; Visbiome®, Dupont, Madison, Wisconsin in USA) on several aspects of intestinal immunity in ART-experienced HIV-1 patients was evaluated. METHODS: A sub-study of a longitudinal pilot study was performed in HIV-1 patients who received the probiotic supplement twice a day for 6 months (T6). T-cell activation and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets expressing IFNγ (Th1, Tc1) or IL-17A (Th17, Tc17) were stained by cytoflorimetric analysis. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on intestinal biopsies while enterocytes apoptosis index was determined by TUNEL assay. RESULTS: , or both, and an increase in the percentage of Th17 cell subsets, especially those with central or effector memory phenotype, was recorded in the peripheral blood and in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) after probiotic intervention. Conversely, Tc1 and Tc17 levels remained substantially unchanged at T6, while Th1 cell subsets increase in the GALT. Probiotic supplementation was also associated to a recovery of the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier, a reduction of both intraepithelial lymphocytes density and enterocyte apoptosis and, an improvement of mitochondrial morphology sustained in part by a modulation of heat shock protein 60. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the potential beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation for the reconstitution of physical and immunological integrity of the mucosal intestinal barrier in ART-treated HIV-1-positive patients.
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Probiotics may contribute to the development of a nonspecific immune response in humans.
“In addition to increasing the risk of infection, probiotics may contribute to the development of a nonspecific immune response in humans [83,84].”
From Current Concepts in Probiotic Safety and Efficacy (2026) · cites this paper as [83]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that probiotic supplementation changed immune-cell patterns in ART-treated people with HIV-1, including increased Th17 frequencies. It does not establish that probiotics develop a nonspecific immune response in humans generally; the authors caution against generalizing their pilot findings to other probiotic formulations. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- d'Ettorre, G., Rossi, G., Scagnolari, C., Andreotti, M., Giustini, N., Serafino, S., Schietroma, I., Scheri, G. C., Fard, S. N., Trinchieri, V., Mastromarino, P., Selvaggi, C., Scarpona, S., Fanello, G., Fiocca, F., Ceccarelli, G., Antonelli, G., Brenchley, J. M., & Vullo, V.
- Affiliations
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Azienda Policlinico Umberto I of Rome Rome Italy
- Università di Camerino (IT)
- Istituto Pasteur (IT)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Policlinico Umberto I (IT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04-20
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 244-260
- ISSN
- 2050-4527 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5569369
- OpenAlex
- W2607084817
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 16.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity Inflammation and Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Unicam Scientific Publications (University of Camerino) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Institute Pasteur Italia, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation (55/2013)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, HIV-1, antiretroviral therapy, T cell activation, Th17 cells, Th1 cells, intestinal epithelial barrier, enterocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial morphology, heat shock protein 60, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, immune activation, gut microbiota
- MeSH terms
- Adult, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Middle Aged, Mitochondria, HIV-1, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Th1 Cells, Probiotics, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Th17 Cells
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