Intradermal ras peptide vaccination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvant: Clinical and immunological responses in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Open accessAbstract
K-RAS mutations are frequently found in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, and induction of immunity against mutant ras can therefore be of possible clinical benefit in patients with pancreatic cancer. We present data from a clinical phase I/II trial involving patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas vaccinated by i.d. injection of synthetic mutant ras peptides in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Forty-eight patients (10 surgically resected and 38 with advanced disease) were treated on an outpatient basis. Peptide-specific immunity was induced in 25 of 43 (58%) evaluable patients, indicating that the protocol used is very potent and capable of eliciting immune responses even in patients with end-stage disease. Patients followed-up for longer periods showed evidence of induction of long-lived immunological memory against the ras mutations. CD4(+) T cells reactive with an Arg12 mutation also present in the tumor could be isolated from a tumor biopsy, demonstrating that activated, ras-specific T cells were able to selectively accumulate in the tumor. Vaccination was well tolerated in all patients. Patients with advanced cancer demonstrating an immune response to the peptide vaccine showed prolonged survival from the start of treatment compared to non-responders (median survival 148 days vs. 61 days, respectively; p = 0.0002). Although a limited number of patients were included in our study, the association between prolonged survival and an immune response against the vaccine suggests that a clinical benefit of ras peptide vaccination may be obtained for this group of patients.
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Gjertsen's group conducted a phase I/II trial evaluating a synthetic mutant RAS peptides-based vaccine combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
“In 2001, Gjertsen’s group conducted a phase I/II trial (CTN RAS 95002, CTN RAS 97004) to evaluate the clinical benefit of a synthetic mutant RAS peptides-based vaccine, compound (255), combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.598,599”
From Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [599]
The trial demonstrated a desirable association between prolonged survival and an immune response caused by the RAS peptide vaccination.
“The trial demonstrated a desirable association between prolonged survival and an immune response caused by the RAS peptide vaccination.”
From Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [599]
Combining RAS peptides with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), developed by Targovax, elicits T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses against mutant RAS peptides.
“Another strategy, combining RAS peptides with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), developed by Targovax, has been shown to elicit T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses against mutant RAS peptides [83].”
From The Role of KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Insights, Clinical Implications, and Future Therapeutic Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [83]
In a phase I/II study, Gjertsen et al. evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of KRAS peptide vaccine in 17 tumors with KRAS mutations; two of five pancreatic cancer patients showed proliferative T cell responses, with a longer median survival of 10.5 months.
“In a phase I/II study, Gjertsen et al. have evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of KRAS peptide vaccine in 17 tumors with KRAS mutations. Two of the five patients with pancreatic cancer showed proliferative T cell responses, with a longer median survival of 10.5 months [90].”
From Targeting KRAS mutant cancers: from druggable therapy to drug resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [90]
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- Authors
- Gjertsen, M. K., Buanes, T., Rosseland, A. R., Bakka, A., Gladhaug, I., S�reide, O., Eriksen, J. A., M�ller, M., Baksaas, I., Lothe, R. A., S�terdal, I., & Gaudernack, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Norsk Hydro (Norway) (NO)
- Venue
- International Journal of Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 441-450
- ISSN
- 0020-7136 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0215
- OpenAlex
- W2010340952
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, KRAS mutation, intradermal vaccination, GM-CSF, adjuvants, tumor-specific T cells, CD4+ T cells, immunological memory, survival, cancer immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adenocarcinoma, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Injections, Intradermal, Male, Middle Aged, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Peptides, T-Lymphocytes, Vaccination, Survival Rate, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, Treatment Outcome, ras Proteins
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