Smoking at diagnosis and survival in cancer patients
Open accessAbstract
The effect of smoking on survival in cancer patients is limited by the lack of structured prospective assessments of smoking at diagnosis. To assess the effect of smoking at diagnosis on survival, structured smoking assessments were obtained in a cohort of 5,185 cancer patients within 30 days of a cancer diagnosis between 1982 and 1998. Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios were generated to analyze the effects of smoking at diagnosis on overall mortality (OM) and disease‐specific mortality (DSM) in a patient cohort from 13 disease sites containing at least 100 patients in each disease site. With a minimum of 12 years of follow‐up, current smoking increased OM risk versus recent quit (HR 1.17), former (HR 1.29) and never smokers (HR 1.38) in the overall cohort. Current smoking increased DSM risk versus former (HR 1.23) and never smokers (HR 1.18). In disease sites with proportionately large (>20%) recent quit cohorts (lung and head/neck), current smoking increased OM and DSM risks as compared with recent quit. Current smoking increased mortality risks in lung, head/neck, prostate and leukemia in men and breast, ovary, uterus and melanoma in women. Current smoking was not associated with any survival benefit in any disease site. Data using prospective structured smoking assessments demonstrate that current smoking increased long‐term OM and DSM. Standardized smoking assessment at diagnosis is an important variable for evaluating outcomes in cancer patients.
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Quitting smoking after a cancer diagnosis reduces harms and improves prognosis and survival odds.
“By contrast, quitting smoking after a cancer diagnosis dramatically reduces these harms and improves prognosis and odds of survival.6,12,13”
From Efficacy of smartphone applications to help cancer patients quit smoking: Protocol of the Quit2Heal randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Abstract reports higher overall mortality among patients smoking at diagnosis than among recent quitters, and the Epidemiology section suggests cessation may benefit cancer patients. But smoking was assessed only around diagnosis, with no follow-up smoking assessment; the paper does not establish that quitting after diagnosis dramatically reduces harms or causes better survival. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUp to 80% of cancer patients who smoke continue smoking after their diagnosis.
“Up to 80% of cancer patients who smoke continue to smoke after their diagnosis.4–6”
From Efficacy of smartphone applications to help cancer patients quit smoking: Protocol of the Quit2Heal randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Patient characteristics section reports smoking status near diagnosis, not whether patients continued smoking afterward. The Epidemiology section explicitly says the study had no follow-up smoking assessment. A search for the 80% continuation figure found no passage establishing it; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Multivariate analyses [x(2)(2) 1⁄4 16.”
BackgroundImpact of Postdiagnosis Smoking on Long-term Survival of Cancer Patients: The Shanghai Cohort Study
Li, T., Wang, R., Gao, Y., & Yuan, J. (2013) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0805-t · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bérubé, S., Lemieux, J., Moore, L., Maunsell, E., & Brisson, J. (2014) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr3646 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“[4-6,8,9,11,12,15,16]; these studies are summarized in Table 4 (which includes the present study).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialYang, B., Jacobs, E. J., Gapstur, S. M., Stevens, V. L., & Campbell, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2014.58.3831 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Automated tobacco assessment and cessation support for cancer patients
Warren, G. W., Marshall, J. R., Cummings, K. M., Zevon, M. A., Reed, R., Hysert, P., Mahoney, M. C., Hyland, A. J., Nwogu, C. E., Demmy, T. L., et al. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28440 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Tobacco use by cancer patients is further associated with several adverse outcomes, including increased cancer recurrence, treatment-related morbidity, second malignancy, cancerrelated mortality, and overall mortality in both tobaccorelated and non–tobacco related cancers.(2-10) Recognizing the importance of addressin…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmoking Cessation, Version 3.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Shields, P. G., Bierut, L. J., Arenberg, D. A., Balis, D. S., Cinciripini, P. M., Davis, J. M., Edmondson, D. M., Feliciano, J., Hitsman, B. L., Hudmon, K. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2023.0013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Newton‐Bishop, J., Davies, J. R., Latheef, F., Randerson‐Moor, J. A., Chan, M., Gascoyne, J., Waseem, S., Haynes, S., O’Donovan, C., & Bishop, D. T. (2014) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29334 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“cancer outcome generally, with some support for an effect of prostate cancer(36,37) and conflicting evidence for an effect on breast cancer.(36,38,39) There was no significant association of NSAIDs with ulceration of the primary or with melanoma specific death.”
Braithwaite, D., Izano, M. A., Moore, D. H., Kwan, M. L., Tammemägi, M. C., Hiatt, R. A., Kerlikowske, K. M., Kroenke, C. H., Sweeney, C., Habel, L. A., et al. (2012) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2276-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Of the seven prospective observational studies in our systematic review that examined current versus never smoking and breast cancer mortality, three large studies [9, 13, 43] and our own study indicated a positive association.”
BackgroundResultOrdóñez-Mena, J. M., Walter, V., Schöttker, B., Jenab, M., O’Doherty, M. G., Kee, F., Bueno-de-Mesquita, B. H., Peeters, P. H. M., Stricker, B. H. C., Ruiter, R., et al. (2017) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx761 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Five studies compared current with never [15, 16, 18, 26, 32], three studies former with never [15, 18, 26], one study current with former/never [30] and two studies ever with never smokers [18, 31].”
Resultvan Zutphen, M., Kampman, E., Giovannucci, E. L., & van Duijnhoven, F. J. B. (2017) · Current Colorectal Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s11888-017-0386-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Smith, J., Nastasi, D. R., Tso, R., Vangaveti, V., Renison, B., & Chilkuri, M. (2019) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2019.02.021 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Smoking Cessation After Cancer
Sitas, F., Weber, M. F., Egger, S. J., Yap, S., Chiew, M., & O’Connell, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2014.55.9666 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Osazuwa‐Peters, N., Boakye, E. A., Chen, B. Y., Tobo, B. B., & Varvares, M. A. (2017) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2017.1880 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ostroff, J. S., Burkhalter, J. E., Cinciripini, P. M., Li, Y., Shiyko, M. P., Lam, C. Y., Hay, J. L., Dhingra, L. K., Lord‐Bessen, J., Holland, S. M., et al. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033186 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…2011), reduced survival (Murin & Inciardi, 2001; Parsons, Daley, Begh, & Aveyard, 2010; Waggoner et al., 2006; Warren, Kasza, Reid, Cummings, & Marshall, 2013) and quality of life (Garces et al., 2004; Peppone et al., 2011); and an increased risk of perioperative complications during…”
Survival Outcomes of an Early Intervention Smoking Cessation Treatment After a Cancer Diagnosis
Cinciripini, P. M., Kypriotakis, G., Blalock, J. A., Karam‐Hage, M., Beneventi, D., Robinson, J. D., Minnix, J. A., & Warren, G. W. (2024) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.4890 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationSmoking and survival of colorectal cancer patients: Population-based study from Germany
Walter, V., Jansen, L., Hoffmeister, M., Ulrich, A. B., Chang-Claude, J. C., & Brenner, H. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29511 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
E-Cigarettes and Cancer Patients
Cummings, K. M., Dresler, C. M., Field, J. K., Fox, J., Gritz, E. R., Hanna, N. H., Ikeda, N., Jassem, J., Mulshine, J. L., Peters, M. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0000000000000129 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDarcey, E., & Boyle, T. (2018) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.07.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Competing risk bias to explain the inverse relationship between smoking and malignant melanoma
Thompson, C. A., Zhang, Z., & Arah, O. A. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9812-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“In a recent mortality study of cancer patients who were smokers at the time of diagnosis, both current and former smoking were found to be positively related to all-cause and disease-specific death in women with melanoma [15].”
BackgroundSmoking and survival of breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis of cohort studies
Duan, W., Li, S., Xin, M., Sun, Y., & Jia, C. (2017) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2017.03.012 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Does Quitting Smoking Make a Difference Among Newly Diagnosed Head and Neck Cancer Patients?
Choi, S. H., Terrell, J. E., Bradford, C. R., Ghanem, T., Spector, M. E., Wolf, G. T., Lipkus, I. M., & Duffy, S. A. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw189 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Eskiizmir, G., Baskın, Y., Yalçın, F., Ellıdokuz, H., & Ferris, R. L. (2016) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.10.013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ou, J. Y., Hanson, H. A., Ramsay, J. M., Kaddas, H. K., Pope, C. A., Leiser, C. L., VanDerslice, J. A., & Kirchhoff, A. C. (2020) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1363 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The survival of esophageal cancer by subtype in China with comparison to the United States
An, L., Zheng, R., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Chen, R., Wang, S., Sun, K., Li, L., Wei, W., & He, J. (2022) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.34232 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The advantage of survival for ECs in females may be partly explained by the differences in prognostic factors between the two sexes, for example, smoking and alcohol prevalence, comorbidity and/or stage at presentation.(39) Unsurprisingly, we USA-AC USA-Esophagus USA-SCC China-AC China-Esophagus China-SCC”
BackgroundBricker, J. B., Watson, N. L., Heffner, J. L., Sullivan, B., Mull, K., Kwon, D., Westmaas, J. L., & Ostroff, J. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/16652 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In contrast, quitting smoking after receiving a cancer diagnosis greatly reduces the risk of poor treatment outcomes [5,15] and of a second primary cancer [11,12] and lowers the mortality rates [5,13,14].”
BackgroundPlatek, A. J., Jayaprakash, V., Merzianu, M., Platek, M. E., Cohan, D. M., Hicks, W. L., Marimuthu, S. P., Winslow, T. B., Gupta, V., Arshad, H., et al. (2016) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.26083 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Importantly, current smoking by SCCHN patients is associated with increased overall and cancer-specific mortality as compared with patients who quit smoking within the past year.(14) However, there are limited data on the relationship between smoking, smoking cessation , HPV, and mortality.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmoking cessation and survival in lung, upper aero-digestive tract and bladder cancer: cohort study
Koshiaris, C., Aveyard, P. N., Oke, J. L., Ryan, R., Szatkowski, L. C., Stevens, R., & Farley, A. (2017) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.179 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Despite this, support for smoking cessation is not well integrated into cancer care (Murray et al, 2012; Warren et al, 2013b) and future work should examine interventions to improve the health system to provide treatment for tobacco dependence.”
BackgroundHohl, S. D., Matulewicz, R. S., Salloum, R. G., Ostroff, J. S., Baker, T. B., Schnoll, R. A., Warren, G. W., Bernstein, S. L., Minion, M. M., Lenhoff, K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.22.00936 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationLowy, D. R., Fiore, M. C., Willis, G., Mangold, K. N., Bloch, M., & Baker, T. B. (2022) · JCO Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/op.22.00385 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“About half of patients with cancer report a history of smoking and 10%-18% report current smoking.(5-7) Many patients with cancer try to quit smoking without formal smoking cessation treatment, and data show that, in general, about half or more of patients with cancer are unsuccessful in their attempts to do so.”
BackgroundSon, Y., & Lee, H.-J. (2020) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/116411 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Land, S. R., Warren, G. W., Crafts, J. L., Hatsukami, D. K., Ostroff, J. S., Willis, G., Chollette, V. Y., Mitchell, S. A., Folz, J. N. M., Gulley, J. L., et al. (2016) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29964 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSollie, M., & Bille, C. (2017) · Gland Surgery · doi:10.21037/gs.2017.04.06 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Ten articles reported HRs for all-cause deaths in current smokers (18-25,27,29).”
BackgroundInfluentialMortality risk in former smokers with breast cancer: Pack‐years vs. smoking status
Saquib, N., Stefanick, M. L., Natarajan, L., & Pierce, J. P. (2013) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.28241 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Smoking and prostate cancer in a multi‐ethnic sample
Murphy, A. B., Akereyeni, F., Nyame, Y. A., Guy, M. C., Martin, I. K., Hollowell, C. M. P., Walker, K., Kittles, R. A., & Ahaghotu, C. A. (2013) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.22699 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“However, cigarette smoking does demonstrate a significant correlation with aggressive and advanced prostate cancer disease as defined by Gleason grade and TNM stage in non-AA men, respectively [8,9].”
BackgroundKarlsson, A., Ellonen, A., Irjala, H., Väliaho, V., Mattila, K., Nissi, L., Kytö, E., Kurki, S. H., Ristamäki, R., Vihinen, P., et al. (2021) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100175 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“While the detrimental effects of persistent smoking have been shown before, 4,21 our results suggest that smoking cessation is bene fi cial irrespective of patient ’ s age, comorbidities, or metastatic disease.”
BackgroundThe importance of incorporating smoking cessation into lung cancer screening
Minnix, J. A., Karam‐Hage, M., Blalock, J. A., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2018) · Translational Lung Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tlcr.2018.05.03 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In particular, continued smoking during cancer treatment is associated with greater probability of recurrence (20,21), second primary malignancies (22-25), reduced survival (26-29), greater symptom burden (30), and poorer quality of life (QOL) (31).”
BackgroundSmoking status and symptom burden in surgical head and neck cancer patients
Sterba, K. R., Garrett-Mayer, E. S., Carpenter, M. J., Tooze, J. A., Hatcher, J. L., Sullivan, C. A., Tetrick, L. A., Warren, G. W., Day, T. A., Alberg, A. J., et al. (2016) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.26159 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Also, as compared with never smokers, former smokers, and HNSCC patients who quit smoking within the past year, current smokers had significantly reduced overall and cancer-specific mortality.(13) The adverse effects of smoking on HNSCC outcomes has implications for the clinical care of HNSCC patients, and as a conseq…”
ResultSelf-citationLiu, S., Feng, S., Du, F., Zhang, K., & Shen, Y. (2023) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-023-10737-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Smoking is a predictor of cancer incidence and related to worse long-term outcomes [25, 26].”
BackgroundDo smoking and alcohol behaviours influence GI cancer survival?
McMenamin, Ú. C., McCain, S., & Kunzmann, A. T. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.015 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“However, other studies did not find a difference between continued smokers and recent quitters [13,21,37], though numbers of recent quitters were small.”
ResultOuYang, P., Su, Z. Z., Mao, Y., Liang, X.-X., Liu, Q., Deng, W., & Xie, F. (2013) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0546 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“nasopharyngeal carcinoma, smokingwas associated with an increased cancer-specificmortality (25).”
BackgroundSmoking Status and Survival Among a National Cohort of Lung and Colorectal Cancer Patients
Japuntich, S. J., Kumar, P. P., Pendergast, J., Caballero, G. Y. J., Malin, J. L., Wallace, R. B., Chrischilles, E. A., Keating, N. L., & Park, E. R. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among Persons with Tobacco- and Non-tobacco-Associated Cancers
Gallaway, M. S., Huang, B., Chen, Q., Tucker, T. C., McDowell, J. K., Durbin, E. B., Stewart, S. L., & Tai, E. W. (2019) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-019-00622-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Caini, S., Riccio, M. D., Vettori, V., D’Ecclesiis, O., Bonomo, P., Locatello, L. G., Salvestrini, V., Gallo, O., Tagliabue, M., Raimondi, S., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-022-01945-w · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Postdiagnosis Changes in Cigarette Smoking and Survival Following Breast Cancer
Parada, H., Bradshaw, P. T., Steck, S. E., Engel, L. S., Conway, K., Teitelbaum, S. L., Neugut, A. I., Santella, R. M., & Gammon, M. D. (2017) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkx001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tobacco Cessation in Oncology Care
Kaiser, E. G., Prochaska, J. J., & Kendra, M. S. (2018) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000489266 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Balogh, E. P., Dresler, C. M., Fleury, M. E., Gritz, E. R., Kean, T. J., Myers, M. L., Nass, S. J., Nevidjon, B., Toll, B. A., Warren, G. W., et al. (2013) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0230 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationDay, F. L., Sherwood, E., Chen, T. Y., Barbouttis, M., Varlow, M., Martin, J. M., Weber, M. F., Sitas, F., & Paul, C. L. (2018) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1111/ajco.12876 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Smoking and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis: the health and functioning in women study
Izano, M. A., Satariano, W. A., Hiatt, R. A., & Braithwaite, D. (2014) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.359 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Prognostic factors in patients with T1 glottic cancer treated with radiotherapy
Mucha-Małecka, A., Chrostowska, A., Urbanek, K., & Małecki, K. (2019) · Strahlentherapie und Onkologie · doi:10.1007/s00066-019-01481-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
D’Angelo, H., Hooper, M. W., Burris, J. L., Rolland, B., Adsit, R., Pauk, D., Rosenblum, M. S., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2021) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0157 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tobacco Use and Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Corke, L., Li, J. J. N., Leighl, N. B., & Eng, L. (2022) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol29090492 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Burris, J. L., Borger, T. N., Shelton, B. J., Darville, A. K., Studts, J. L., Valentino, J. P., Blair, C., Davis, D., & Scales, J. (2021) · JCO Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/op.20.01095 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Krutz, M., Acharya, P., Chissoe, G., Raj, V., Driskill, L., Krempl, G. A., Zhao, D. Y., Mhawej, R. I., & Queimado, L. (2022) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106072 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Prediagnosis and postdiagnosis smoking and survival following diagnosis with ovarian cancer
Wang, T., Townsend, M. K., Simmons, V. N., Terry, K. L., Matulonis, U. A., & Tworoger, S. S. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32773 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Previous studies found that continuing smokers had worse overall or disease-free survival compared to those quitting smoking around the time of diagnosis among patients with lung cancer,(5,32) bladder cancer(33) or a mixture of multiple cancers.(34) However, no study has investigated smoking cessation and ovarian canc…”
BackgroundKristensen, D. T., Nielsen, L. H., Roug, A. S., Kristensen, T. C., El‐Galaly, T. C., Nørgaard, J. M., Marcher, C. W., Schöllkopf, C., Theilgaard‐Mönch, K., & Severinsen, M. T. (2020) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.16667 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ma, S. J., Yu, H., Yu, B., Waldman, O. V., Khan, M., Chatterjee, U., Santhosh, S., Gill, J., Iovoli, A. J., Farrugia, M. K., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.45818 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPrice, S. N., Palmer, A. M., Fucito, L. M., Graboyes, E. M., Baker, N. L., Rojewski, A. M., & Toll, B. A. (2023) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.34746 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A cohort study of digoxin exposure and mortality in men with prostate cancer
Flahavan, E. M., Sharp, L., Bennett, K., & Barron, T. I. (2013) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.12287 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wu, I., Chen, Y., Karmakar, R., Mukundan, A., Gabriel, G., Wang, C.-C., & Wang, H. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12102315 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Boone, S. D., Baumgartner, K. B., Baumgartner, R., Connor, A. E., John, E. M., Giuliano, A. R., Hines, L. M., Rai, S. N., Riley, E. C., Pinkston, C. M., et al. (2015) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.08.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Some previous studies reported increased risk of breast cancer death among smokers who were premenopausal [12,22], had ER positive tumors [12,13], were older at diagnosis [16] or overweight and/or obese [12,13,23].”
InfluentialBudnik, J., DeNunzio, N. J., Singh, D. P., & Milano, M. T. (2019) · Clinical Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2019.02.017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Smoking Behavior and Prognosis After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Studies
Alwers, E., Carr, P. R., Banbury, B. L., Walter, V., Chang-Claude, J. C., Jansen, L., Drew, D. A., Giovannucci, E. L., Nan, H., Berndt, S. I., et al. (2021) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkab077 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhou, L., Yang, X., He, H., Chen, J., & Xu, X. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.26933 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Several recent cohort studies (T. Boyle et al., 2013; Phipps et al., 2011, 2013; Walter et al., 2015; Warren et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2014) and a meta‐analysis (Walter et al.”
BackgroundCharacteristics of Human Papillomavirus–Associated Head and Neck Cancers in a Veteran Population
Shay, S., Chang, E., Lewis, M. S., & Wang, M. B. (2015) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.1447 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Seibold, P., Vrieling, A., Heinz, J., Obi, N., Sinn, H., Flesch‐Janys, D., & Chang-Claude, J. C. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.05.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This lack of significance is in line with some previous studies [2,3,7,8,27], but not with others which reported a significantly poorer breast cancer-specific mortality associated with pre- [1,5] or post-diagnostic [6] smoking.”
ResultPreferences for the Provision of Smoking Cessation Education Among Cancer Patients
Sampson, L., Papadakos, J., Milne, V., Le, L. W., Liu, G., Abdelmutti, N., Milne, R. A., Goldstein, D. P., Eng, L., & Giuliani, M. (2016) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-016-1035-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Implementation of a Comprehensive Smoking Cessation Program in Cancer Care
Abdelmutti, N., Brual, J., Papadakos, J., Fathima, S., Goldstein, D. P., Eng, L., Papadakos, T. J., Liu, G., Jones, J. M., & Giuliani, M. (2019) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.26.5201 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Smoking and survival after breast cancer diagnosis in Japanese women: A prospective cohort study
Kakugawa, Y., Kawai, M., Nishino, Y., Fukamachi, K., Ishida, T., Ohuchi, N., & Minami, Y. (2015) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.12716 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impact of Tobacco Smoking on Outcomes of Radiotherapy: A Narrative Review
Perdyan, A., & Jassem, J. (2022) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol29040186 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“More than 60% of cancer patients are current or former smokers [2].”
BackgroundPrevalence and Predictors of Sustained Smoking after a Cancer Diagnosis in Korean Men
Koo, H. Y., Lee, K., Park, S. M., Chang, J., Kim, K., Choi, S., Cho, M. H., Jun, J.-H., & Kim, S. M. (2019) · Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.4143/crt.2018.609 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
ROSNER, B. A., Glynn, R. J., Eliassen, A. H., Hankinson, S. E., Tamimi, R. M., Chen, W. Y., Holmes, M. D., Mu, Y., Peng, C., Colditz, G. A., et al. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1471 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tabuchi, T., Goto, A., Ito, Y., Fukui, K., Miyashiro, I., & Shinozaki, T. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30601 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Owing to the lack of information in population-based cancer registries, few studies have examined the association between current smoking (and/or former smoking) and mortality among cancer patients.(12,13) Most studies on the association have been conducted according to each cancer site,(6,8,14) commonly comparing cur…”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Warren, G. W., Kasza, K. A., Reid, M. E., Cummings, K. M., & Marshall, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Warren, Graham W.
- Venue
- International Journal of Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-05-17
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 401-410
- ISSN
- 0020-7136 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0215
- OpenAlex
- W1981663682
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 12.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- cancer survival, mortality, current smoking, smoking cessation, former smokers, never smokers, disease-specific mortality, all-cause mortality, tumor location, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Smoking Cessation, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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