Cancer in Africa 2018: The role of infections
Open accessAbstract
We estimate the fractions of cancer attributed to infections in Africa in 2018. The number of new cancer cases occurring was taken from Globocan2018 with some additional estimations based on data from African population‐based registries. Population attributable fractions were calculated using prevalence of infection and relative risk in exposed vs . nonexposed. The greatest share of infection‐associated cancers is due to the human papillomaviruses (12.1% of all cancers in Africa and 15.4% in sub‐Saharan Africa [SSA]); of these, cervical cancer is by far the most common. Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus is responsible for 3.1% of all cancers in Africa, the hepatitis viruses (B and C) for 2.9% and Helicobacter pylori for 2.7% (non‐Cardia Gastric cancer and primary gastric lymphomas). Two percent of cancers are attributable to the Epstein–Barr virus, Schistosoma haematobium increases the risk of bladder cancer resulting in 1.0% of all cancers. HIV‐related NHL and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva account for 0.6% of cancers. Altogether 24.5% of cancers in Africa and 28.7% in SSA are due to infectious agents. Infections are by far the most common cancer risk factor for cancer in Africa—the traditional risk factors (smoking, alcohol and unhealthy diet) probably cause only one in eight cancers in Africa. Prevention should focus on those infectious diseases preventable through vaccination (HPV and hepatitis B) which could reduce two‐thirds of the burden. Helicobacter pylori and schistosomiasis are treatable with antibiotics and praziquantel, with a potential reduction of one in eight infection‐associated cancers.
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Infection with Schistosoma haematobium has an important role in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is estimated to account for over 50% of bladder cancer cases in the region.
“Infection with Schistosoma haematobium has an important role in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is estimated to account for over 50% of bladder cancer cases in the region.161”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [161]
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Sorted by citations
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024) · CA: a cancer journal for clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21834 · Cited by 27,064 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Parkin, D. M., Hämmerl, L., Ferlay, J., & Kantelhardt, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Parkin, Donald M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-08-02
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2089-2103
- ISSN
- 0020-7136 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0215
- OpenAlex
- W2954831690
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 8.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Viral-associated cancers and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Keywords
- infection-associated cancer, sub-Saharan Africa, population attributable fraction, human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus, Schistosoma haematobium, bladder cancer, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, cancer risk factors, cancer prevention, vaccination, schistosomiasis treatment, praziquantel
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Africa, Age Factors, Aged, Herpesvirus 4, Human, Female, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Herpesviridae Infections, Humans, Infections, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Sex Factors, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, HTLV-I Infections, HIV Infections, Incidence, Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter Infections, Herpesvirus 8, Human, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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