Prenatal reflective functioning in primiparous women with a high-risk profile.
Abstract
The concept of maternal reflective functioning (RF) has been gaining increasing interest as a possible intermediate mechanism in associations between a wide range of psychosocial risk factors and poor child outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to determine which psychosocial risk factors are linked to prenatal RF in a high-risk (HR) group of primiparous women. Differences in prenatal RF between the HR group and a low-risk (LR) control group also were examined. The sample consisted of 162 women (M = 22.22 years, SD = 2.39; 83 classified as HR). RF was coded from the Pregnancy Interview (A. Slade, 2007a). Risk status was assessed by means of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-plus (M.I.N.I.-plus; D.V. Sheehan et al., 1997) and several questionnaires. HR women demonstrated significantly lower RF quality than did the LR group. Regression analyses indicated that maternal education, size of social support network, and substance use during pregnancy were the strongest predictors of prenatal RF for the HR group. The results suggest that maternal RF potentially could be an important target for those prevention and intervention programs that aim to reduce adverse psychosocial development in offspring of HR mothers.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
High-risk mothers show lower parental reflective functioning during pregnancy when compared to low-risk women.
“especially in high-risk mothers who show lower parental reflective functioning during pregnancy when compared to low-risk women (Smaling et al., 2015).”
From Mentalizing makes parenting work: a review about parental reflective functioning and clinical interventions to improve it (2017) · cites this paper as Smaling et al., 2015
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154 · see citing works
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
(2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_3055 · Cited by 4,181 · see citing works
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
Eisfeld, J. (2014) · TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1215/23289252-2399740 · Cited by 3,570 · see citing works
Sheehan, D., Lecrubier, Y., Harnett Sheehan, K., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., Schinka, J., Knapp, E., Sheehan, M., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83297-x · Cited by 2,149 · see citing works
Child abuse and neglect: The myth of classlessness.
Pelton, L. H. (1978) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1978.tb02565.x · Cited by 1,976 · see citing works
Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self
Koh, E. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01308.x · Cited by 1,709 · see citing works
Handbook of infant mental health
Zeanah, C. H. (2009) · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990198 · Cited by 1,146 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These factors could affect prenatal maternal RF. Maternal characteristics that have been negatively related to RF include psychiatric illness (Fonagy & Luyten, 2009; Levinson & Fonagy, 2004; Perry, Newman, Hunter, & Dunlop, 2013; Toth, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2008), substance use during pregnancy…”
Yanbaeva, D. G., Dentener, M. A., Creutzberg, E. C., Wesseling, G., & Wouters, E. F. �. (2007) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.06-2179 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Mentalizing in Clinical Practice
Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2008) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370887 · Cited by 944 · see citing works
Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990289 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year-old children: social-environmental risk factors
Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Barocas, R., Zax, M., & Greenspan, S. (1987) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.79.3.343 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Maternal reflective functioning, attachment and the transmission gap: a preliminary study.
Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D., & Locker, A. (2005) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730500245880 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
The Development of an Instrument to Measure Social Support
Norbeck, J. S., Lindsey, A. M., & Carrieri, V. L. (1981) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198109000-00003 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Paulson, J. F., Dauber, S., & Leiferman, J. A. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2948 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Rini, C. K., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Wadhwa, P. D., & Sandman, C. A. (1999) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.4.333 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Kelly, K., Slade, A., & Grienenberger, J. F. (2005) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730500245963 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01731.x · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Sharp, C., & Fonagy, P. (2008) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00457.x · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Wainwright, R., Clark-Carter, D. D., Gupta, M. D., Fradley, E., & Tuckey, M. R. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00601 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Menzel, B. J. (1996) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/004470 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Mentalization and the changing aims of child psychoanalysis
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1998) · Psychoanalytic Dialogues · doi:10.1080/10481889809539235 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Clinical applications of the adult attachment interview
Steele, H., & Steele, M. (2008) · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers.
Jacobsen, L. K., Krystal, J. H., Mencl, W. E., Westerveld, M., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.022 · Cited by 393 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Also both RF and maternal smoking have been associated with poor outcomes in mothers (Jacobsen et al., 2005; Yanbaeva, Dentener, Creutzberg, Wesseling, & Wouters, 2007) and their children (Benbassat & Priel, 2012; Durmuş et al., 2011; Huijbregts, van Berkel, Swaab-Barneveld, & van Goozen, 2011;…”
Norbeck, J. S., Lindsey, A. M., & Carrieri, V. L. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Reflective functioning: a review.
Katznelson, H. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Enhancing early attachments : theory, research, intervention, and policy
Berlin, L. J., Ziv, Y., Amaya-Jackson, L. M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2005) · Cited by 355 · see citing works
(2007) · PubMed · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Koren‐Karie, N., Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S., Sher‐Censor, E., & Etzion-Carasso, A. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.534 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Darvill, R., Skirton, H., & Farrand, P. A. (2008) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.07.006 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Further Development of the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire
Norbeck, J. S., Lindsey, A. M., & Carrieri, V. L. (1983) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198301000-00002 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Slade, A., Belsky, J., Aber, J. L., & PHELPS, J. L. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.3.611 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Reflective Parenting Programs: Theory and Development
Slade, A. (2007) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690701310698 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Arnott, B., & Meins, E. (2007) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2007.71.2.132 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Schechter, D. S., Coots, T., Zeanah, C. H., Davies, M., Coates, S. W., Trabka, K. A., Marshall, R. D., Liebowitz, M. R., & Myers, M. M. (2005) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730500246011 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Suchman, N. E., DeCoste, C., Leigh, D., & Borelli, J. (2010) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2010.501988 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Smith, J. A. (1999) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466699164248 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and Contextual Variables on Infant–Mother Attachment
Huth‐Bocks, A. C., Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., & von Eye, A. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00688.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Suchman, N. E., Decoste, C., Mcmahon, T. J., Rounsaville, B., & Mayes, L. (2011) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20303 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Psychosocial Predictors of Pregnancy Outcomes in Low-Income Black, Hispanic, and White Women
Norbeck, J. S., & Anderson, N. (1989) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198907000-00004 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Who continues to smoke while pregnant?
Cnattingius, S., Lindmark, G., & Meirik, O. (1992) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.46.3.218 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Pajulo, M., Pyykkönen, N., Kalland, M., Sinkkonen, J., Helenius, H., Punamäki, R., & Suchman, N. (2012) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20342 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Rosenblum, K. L., McDonough, S. C., Sameroff, A. J., & Muzik, M. (2008) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20184 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Spontaneous cessation of smoking and alcohol use among low-income pregnant women
Ockene, J. K., Ma, Y., Zapka, J. G., Pbert, L. A., Goins, K. V., & Stoddard, A. M. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00492-0 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Determinants of smoking and cessation during and after pregnancy
Lü, Y. (2001) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/16.4.355 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Parenting and adolescent adjustment: The role of parental reflective function
Benbassat, N., & Priel, B. (2011) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Stability and change in mothers' internal representations of their infants over time
Theran, S. A., Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., & Huth‐Bocks, A. C. (2005) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730500245609 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Durmuş, B., Kruithof, C. J., Gillman, M. W., Willemsen, S. P., Albert Hofman, D., Raat, H., Eilers, P. H. C., Steegers, E. A. P., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.009225 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Fonagy, P., & LEVINSON, A. J. (2004) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 113 · see citing works
McMahon, C. A., Boivin, J., Gibson, F. L., Hammarberg, K., Wynter, K. H., Saunders, D. M., & Fisher, J. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der076 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Reflective Functioning in Panic Disorder Patients: a Pilot Study
Rudden, M. G., Milrod, B. L., Target, M., Ackerman, S., & Graf, E. (2006) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651060540040109 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Sokolowski, M. S., Hans, S. L., Bernstein, V. J., & Cox, S. M. (2007) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20140 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Sadler, L. S., Swartz, M. K., Ryan‐Krause, P., Seitz, V., Meadows‐Oliver, M., Grey, M. J., & Clemmens, D. A. (2007) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00181.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Huijbregts, S. C. J., Warren, A. J., de Sonneville, L. M. J., & Swaab, H. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationKnown Risk Factors for Violence Predict 12-Month-Old Infants’ Aggressiveness With Peers
Hay, D. F., Mundy, L. K., Roberts, S., Carta, R., Waters, C. S., Perra, O., Jones, R. M., Jones, I. R., Goodyer, I. M., Harold, G. T., et al. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611419303 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Parents Who Abuse: What Are They Thinking?
Seng, A. C., & Prinz, R. J. (2008) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0035-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Button, S., Pianta, R. C., & Marvin, R. S. (2001) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00175 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sources of Stress and Support and Maternal Resources of Homeless Teenage Mothers
Meadows‐Oliver, M., Sadler, L. S., Swartz, M. K., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2007.00093.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prenatal maternal representations: Mothers at psychosocial risk
Pajulo, M., Savonlahti, E., Sourander, A., Piha, J., & Helenius, H. Y. M. (2001) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.1016 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mejdoubi, J., van den Heijkant, S. C. C. M., Struijf, E., van Leerdam, F., Hirasing, R. A., & Crijnen, A. A. M. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-823 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Slade, A., Sadler, L. S., & Mayes, L. C. (2005) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Smoking trends before, during, and after pregnancy among women and their spouses
Kaneko, A., Kaneita, Y., Yokoyama, E., Miyake, T., Harano, S., Suzuki, K., Ibuka, E., Tamaki, T., Nakajima, H., & Ohida, T. (2008) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02582.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Prenatal views of baby and parenthood: Association with sociodemographic and pregnancy factors
Pajulo, M., Helenius, H. Y. M., & Mayes, L. C. (2006) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20090 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Role of Maternal Reflective Ability for Substance Abusing Mothers.
Pajulo, M., Suchman, N. E., Kalland, M., Sinkkonen, J., Helenius, H. Y. M., & Mayes, L. C. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Improving antenatal risk assessment in women exposed to high risks.
Perry, N., Newman, L. K., Hunter, M., & Dunlop, A. (2015) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104513499355 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neurobiological and behavioral stress reactivity in children prenatally exposed to tobacco
Huijbregts, S. C. J., van Berkel, S. R., Swaab, H., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal Representation Reassessed
Larney, B., Cousens, P., & Nunn, K. P. (1997) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104597021009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vrieze, D. M. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Miller, M. (2008) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yildiz, P. D., Ayers, S., & Phillips, L. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Camoirano, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00014 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Slade, A., Holland, M. L., Ordway, M. R., Carlson, E. A., Jeon, S., Close, N., Mayes, L. C., & Sadler, L. S. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001463 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Hostile/helpless maternal representations in pregnancy and later child removal: a pilot study
Terry, M., Finger, B., Lyons‐Ruth, K., Sadler, L. S., & Slade, A. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21887 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Smaling, H. J. A., Huijbregts, S. C. J., Suurland, J., Van Der Heijden, K. B., Van Goozen, S. H. M., & Swaab, H.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Leiden University
- Leiden University and Cardiff University
- Corresponding author
- Smaling, Hanneke J.A.
- Venue
- Infant Mental Health Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-04-13
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 251-261
- ISSN
- 0163-9641 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0355
- OpenAlex
- W1935714034
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 4.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Infant Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- maternal reflective functioning, primiparous women, high-risk pregnancy, psychosocial risk factors, maternal education, social support networks, substance use during pregnancy, prevention programs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Pregnancy, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Social Support, Pregnancy, High-Risk, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
