Cited by 499Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorInfant Health and DevelopmentAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Brain basis of early parent–infant interactions: psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies

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Swain, James E., Lorberbaum, Jeffrey P., Kose, Samet, Strathearn, Lane·2007·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Abstract

Parenting behavior critically shapes human infants’ current and future behavior. The parent–infant relationship provides infants with their first social experiences, forming templates of what they can expect from others and how to best meet others’ expectations. In this review, we focus on the neurobiology of parenting behavior, including our own functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain imaging experiments of parents. We begin with a discussion of background, perspectives and caveats for considering the neurobiology of parent–infant relationships. Then, we discuss aspects of the psychology of parenting that are significantly motivating some of the more basic neuroscience research. Following that, we discuss some of the neurohormones that are important for the regulation of social bonding, and the dysregulation of parenting with cocaine abuse. Then, we review the brain circuitry underlying parenting, proceeding from relevant rodent and nonhuman primate research to human work. Finally, we focus on a study‐by‐study review of functional neuroimaging studies in humans. Taken together, this research suggests that networks of highly conserved hypothalamic–midbrain–limbic–paralimbic–cortical circuits act in concert to support aspects of parent response to infants, including the emotion, attention, motivation, empathy, decision‐making and other thinking that are required to navigate the complexities of parenting. Specifically, infant stimuli activate basal forebrain regions, which regulate brain circuits that handle specific nurturing and caregiving responses and activate the brain's more general circuitry for handling emotions, motivation, attention, and empathy – all of which are crucial for effective parenting. We argue that an integrated understanding of the brain basis of parenting has profound implications for mental health.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01731.x

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  • Most prior studies have had a small sample size (10 or fewer subjects) or used a suboptimal fixed effects analysis, which prevents generalization of the results to the population from which the sample was drawn.

    “In addition, most prior studies have had a small sample size (10 or fewer subjects) or used a suboptimal fixed effects analysis (24) which prevents generalization of the results to the population from which the sample was drawn (30).”
  • The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system may play a role in processing reward-based signals and motivating maternal care.

    “One common theme emerging from these studies has been the possible role of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in processing reward-based signals and motivating maternal care, as seen in animal models (see review (24)).”
  • Other fMRI studies have only demonstrated activation of these areas in mothers of younger babies, during the first few months of life, suggesting these regions may be more important during the early postpartum period.

    “However, other fMRI studies have only demonstrated activation of these areas in mothers of younger babies, during the first few months of life (18, 24), suggesting that these regions may be more important during the early postpartum period.”
  • Activation of these regions may reflect an increase in arousal and obsessive/anxiety circuits that may be temporarily more active for parents and persistently sensitive with some mental illnesses.

    “Activation of these regions may reflect an increase in arousal, obsessive/anxiety circuits that may be normally temporarily more active for parents and persistently sensitive with some mental illnesses (Swain et al., 2007).”

    From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Swain et al., 2007

  • These emotional circuits include the ventral tegmental area, striatum, amygdala, insula, cingulate cortex, and OFC.

    “These emotional circuits might include the ventral tegmental area, striatum, amygdala, insula, cingulate cortex and OFC (Mayes et al., 2005; Swain et al., 2007).”

    From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Swain et al., 2007

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Authors
Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L.
Affiliations
  • Yale University (US)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Swain, James E.
Venue
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2007-03
Volume
48
Issue
3-4
Pages
262-287
ISSN
  • 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-7610
OpenAlex
W2161866296
Cited by
499
References
210
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 45
FWCI
4.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018268)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS40259-01, R01NS040259)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12-HD-41648, R03HD049422, K12HD041648, R03 HD49422-01, K23HD043097)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords
parental behavior, parent-infant relationship, social bonding, neurohormones, cocaine abuse, brain circuits, caregiving, empathy, motivation, attention, decision-making
MeSH terms
Animals, Arousal, Brain, Breast Feeding, Child Development, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Hormones, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Maternal Behavior, Nerve Net, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Receptors, Oxytocin, Neurotransmitter Agents

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