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Personality disorder: a new global perspective
Open accessAbstract
Personality disorder is now being accepted as an important condition in mainstream psychiatry across the world. Although it often remains unrecognized in ordinary practice, research studies have shown it is common, creates considerable morbidity, is associated with high costs to services and to society, and interferes, usually negatively, with progress in the treatment of other mental disorders. We now have evidence that personality disorder, as currently classified, affects around 6% of the world population, and the differences between countries show no consistent variation. We are also getting increasing evidence that some treatments, mainly psychological, are of value in this group of disorders. What is now needed is a new classification that is of greater value to clinicians, and the WPA Section on Personality Disorders is currently undertaking this task.
Checked 2026-10-06 · 7 references not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that personality disorder is common, costly, and under-recognized worldwide, with prevalence estimates around 6% globally and 3–10% in community samples. It calls for a new, clinically useful classification and concludes that psychological treatments show promise while drug treatments lack long-term support.
Key findings
- Recent epidemiological studies report varied prevalence: 4.4% in Great Britain (Coid et al., n=628), 14.8% in the US (Grant et al., n=43,093), and a 10-country survey (Huang et al., n=21,162) found no consistent cross-country pattern; the abstract cites around 6% globally and a 3–10% community range.
- Comorbid personality disorder predicts poorer outcomes: meta-analytic evidence from more than 60 depression studies indicates roughly double the likelihood of non-recovery, while psychosis studies show prevalence estimates from 4.5% to 100% and poorly studied outcomes.
- Economic burden estimates include £704 million per year in English health and social care costs for people with personality disorder in contact with general practitioners, rising to £7.9 billion with productivity losses; a Dutch estimate is £11,126 per patient.
- Treatment and classification: psychotropic drugs are judged to have no proven long-term value; structured team psychological approaches are suggested for borderline personality disorder and cognitive/group approaches for antisocial personality disorder, with rewards preferred over punishment; three quarters of surveyed experts favored replacing DSM-IV, and the WPA Section is developing ICD-11 proposals.
Methods
- Design: narrative global-perspective review and position paper from the WPA Section on Personality Disorders, not primary research.
- Data: summarizes three major recent epidemiological studies (Huang et al. 2009, Coid et al. 2006, Grant et al. 2004) and reviews literature on comorbidity, costs, treatment, and classification.
- Analysis: qualitative synthesis, including reference to a meta-analysis of more than 60 depression studies described as unpublished data and to systematic reviews of treatment trials.
Limitations
- Stated: epidemiological studies are few because national surveys rarely assess personality disorder and lay-interviewer assessment is difficult; cost estimates rely on service attenders and therefore do not represent the whole personality disorder population, so the true cost remains unknown.
- Stated: treatment evidence is concentrated on borderline personality disorder, with too few randomized trials for clear conclusions; evidence for other personality disorders is scant, two cluster C trials disagree, and psychosis measurement reliability and outcomes are unclear.
- Evident from the text: as a review/position piece, it relies on selected literature and some unpublished data, and the proposed dimensional factors are acknowledged to have little validity evidence so far.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given
In the paper
“people with a personality disorder are approximately twice as likely not to recover from a de pressive episode as those with no personality disorder”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Newton-Howes, 2006, Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: a meta-analysis of published studies, Br J Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“even the prevalence of personality pathology ranges from 4.5 to 100%”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Newton-Howes, 2008, The prevalence of personality disorder in schizophrenia: rates and explanatory modelling, Psychol Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Personality disorder has been shown to have an im portant influence on the outcome of other mental disorders when present as a comorbid condition”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“research studies have shown it is common”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they do not provide an estimate of the total economic burden of personality disorder, because both of them used information on people who were in contact with services”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > COST OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“it demonstrates that personality disorders are no less prevalent outside Europe, North Amer ica and Australia”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Huang, 2009, DSM-IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys, Br J Psychiatry source
boostedn = 21,162- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the differences between countries show no consistent variation”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Prevalence estimates from different countries can be meaningfully compared despite differences in methods and instruments.
In the paper
“Two-year outcomes in an Australian cohort showed the personality facet of neuroticism to be one of the few correlates predictive of poor outcome in those with men tal illnesses”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Beard, 2007, Predictors of mental disorders and their outcomes in a community based cohort, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some treatments, mainly psychological, are of value in this group of disorders”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“creates considerable morbidity”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“people with personality disorder and comorbid personality disorder have poorer outcomes, function less well in society and are stigmatized by clinicians in secondary services, reducing the odds they will receive optimum care”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“is associated with high costs to services and to society”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the King's Fund esti mated the health and social care service costs of all people with personality disorder who are in contact with their gen eral practitioners at £704 million per year”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > COST OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] McCrone, 2008
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“many of those with personality disorder are un known to services (24), reject treatment rather than seek it (25), or are in contact with services but have a different pri mary diagnosis (26)”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > COST OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] National Institute of Mental Health in England, 2003
- Not checked yetcites [25] Tyrer, 2003, Treatment-rejecting and treatment-seeking personality disorders: Type R and Type S, J Person Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Ranger, 2004, Prevalence of personality disorder in the caseload of an inner city assertive outreach team, Psychiatr Bull source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These attitudes may adversely affect delivery of health care provision and as such make it more difficult for patients with personality disorder and comorbid mental disorders to access and receive appropriate manage ment for either disorder”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“affects around 6% of the world population”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Prevalence estimates from different countries can be meaningfully compared despite differences in methods and instruments.
In the paper
“recent evidence suggests that clinicians perceive patients with personality disorders as more difficult, despite the objective evidence failing to sup port such a view”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Newton-Howes, 2008, Attitudes of staff towards patients with personality disorder in community health teams, Aust N Z J Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This huge variation appears to be related to the coun try of the study, the care provided and the tools used to mea sure personality”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Newton-Howes, 2008, The prevalence of personality disorder in schizophrenia: rates and explanatory modelling, Psychol Med
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“personality dysfunction has a negative effect on function and outcome, but remains relatively undertreated”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For more than two decades, there has been the suggestion that mental health clinicians do not like patients with per sonality disorders”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Lewis, 1988, Personality disorder: the patients psychiatrists dislike, Br J Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“They calculated the total burden of personality disorder in the Netherlands to be £11,126 per patient”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > COST OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Soeteman, 2008, The economic burden of personality disorders in mental health care, J Clin Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the community prevalence of personality disorder appears to range from 3 to 10%”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When pro ductivity losses were included, the cost rose to £7.9 billion per year”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > COST OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] McCrone, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“personality disorder in this group often shows itself in terms of violence (15), crime (16), and hospital re admission (17)”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Moran, 2003, Impact of co-morbid personality disorder on violence in psychosis - report from the UK700 trial, Br J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Moran, 2004, The correlation of comorbid antisocial personality disorder in schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Tyrer, 2000, Personality abnormality and its influence on outcome of intensive and standard case management: a randomised controlled trial, Eur Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there is currently little evidence to support the va lidity of these factors, they almost certainly provide a better description of the range of personality abnormality than the current classifications”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A recent survey reported that three quarters of personality disorder experts thought the current DSM-IV system should be replaced”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Bernstein, 2007, Opinions of personality disorder experts regarding the DSM-IV personality disorders classification system, J Person Disord source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The legacy is a diagnostic system that dissatisfies both the researcher and the clinician, being neither simple, accurate or useful”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a robust classifica tion should travel well”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Thuo, 2008, The prevalence of personality disorders in a Kenyan inpatient sample, J Person Disord source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“the frequent use of the term”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Bernstein, 2007, Opinions of personality disorder experts regarding the DSM-IV personality disorders classification system, J Person Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the true cost of personal ity disorder remains unknown, but it is certainly substantial, falling to many service providing sectors (health, social ser vices, criminal justice) as well as to the economy more wide ly”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > COST OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using four (or possibly more) overlapping factors seems preferable to continuing to act as though the ten current personality dis orders are separate, when they have repeatedly been found not to be”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“if other treatments (mainly psychological) are to be given, they need to be administered using a structured team approach for borderline personality disorder and using cognitive therapeutic approaches (par ticularly group management) in antisocial personality disor der”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > EVIDENCE OF TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009
- Not checked yetcites [31] National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In some studies these charac teristics overlap with eccentric and odd behaviour and/or paranoid personality disorder symptoms, and an additional factor, peculiarity, has been suggested to make up a six-fac tor model”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Watson, 2008, Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure, J Person source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some studies report a separation of a factor incorporating callousness, lack of re morse and criminal behaviour (psychopathy), while others find a single broad factor”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the putative successful treatments for personality disorder are time consuming and resource intensive, and need to be buttressed by a good theoretical base and thera peutic commitment”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > EVIDENCE OF TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although it has promoted a huge, but widely scattered, amount of re search on the aetiology, psychopathology, course and treat ment of personality disorders, there are now good reasons to consider the DSM-IV approach completely out of date”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV polythetic diagnoses describe poorly speci fied psychopathology and so it is natural that they fail to identify criteria that could correspond to the”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of clearly identified core features and a”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an expert panel on the management of people with personality disorder (37), which also suggested that there is no”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > EVIDENCE OF TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Crawford, 2008, Dedicated community-based services for adults with personality disorder: Delphi study, Br J Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such findings add weight to the case for re-classifying personality disorder to ensure that the system used has clinical utility”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > EVIDENCE OF TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If we accept the epidemiological figures, 3-10% of the adult inhabitants in the countries of the world have a per sonality disorder”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“psychotropic drugs are of no proven value in the long term in these personality disorders, and their adverse effects normally preclude their use except for short periods and in crisis”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > EVIDENCE OF TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009
- Not checked yetcites [31] National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fourth factor comprises obsessionality, compulsivity and perfectionism and, although these are cur rently part of the cluster C grouping, the empirical data sug gests they can be separated”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
People with severe personality disorder cause the most disruption to services and society.
“it is the people in this group who cause the most disruption to services and to society”
The paper relies on this without support.
Prevalence estimates from different countries can be meaningfully compared despite differences in methods and instruments.
“the differences between countries show no consistent variation”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As PDs are relatively common in the community, and effective treatment is available for some, health care workers should be aware of the strong link between PDs and work force exclusion.”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“PDs as currently classified in the DSM-IV system affects about 6 % of the world’s population [9, 11]”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Personality disorders (PDs) are now being accepted as important conditions in mainstream psychiatry and have been associated with similar or higher costs to society than mood and anxiety disorders [9–11]”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > EPIDEMIOLOGY
“Three major studies of the epidemiology of personality disorder have now been published in the last five years.The results are summarized in Table 1.”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
“Grant et al, 2004 (7) | United States of America | Random sample | 14.8”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > HOW COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDER INFLUENCES OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
“Although the community prevalence of personality disorder appears to range from 3 to 10%, it is, as would be expected, much higher in secondary care settings (8,9).”
§ Personality disorder: a new global perspective > NEED FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION
“Grant et al, 2004 (7) | United States of America | Random sample | 14.8”
Citations
Cites
Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.4.362 · Cited by 1,653
The Prevalence of Personality Disorders in a Community Sample
Torgersen, S. O., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.590 · Cited by 1,356
Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses.
Kendell, R., & Jablensky, A. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4 · Cited by 1,294
Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., Kremers, I., Nadort, M., & Arntz, A. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.649 · Cited by 1,248
Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain
Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P., Roberts, A., & Ullrich, S. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.5.423 · Cited by 901
Self-citationPsychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005652.pub2 · Cited by 895
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0711 · Cited by 724
Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: Meta-analysis of published studies
Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P., & Johnson, T. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.1.13 · Cited by 537
Self-citationPersonality disorder: the patients psychiatrists dislike
Lewis, G., & Appleby, L. (1988) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.153.1.44 · Cited by 502
Moran, P., Leese, M., Lee, T., Walters, P., Thornicroft, G., & MANN, A. H. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.183.3.228 · Cited by 449
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Newton-Howes, 2008, The prevalence of personality disorder in schizophrenia: rates and explanatory modelling, Psychol Med, 37, 1
- National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009, Borderline personality disorder: treatment and management
- National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009, Antisocial personality disorder: treatment, management and prevention
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–102 of 102
Ledden, S., Rains, L. S., Schlief, M., Barnett, P., Ching, B. C. F., Hallam, B., Günak, M. M., Steare, T., Parker, J., Labovitch, S., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20962345
Gawda, B. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16060986
Metadata
- Authors
- TYRER, P., MULDER, R., CRAWFORD, M., NEWTON-HOWES, G., SIMONSEN, E., NDETEI, D., KOLDOBSKY, N., FOSSATI, A., MBATIA, J., & BARRETT, B.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- University of Nairobi (KE)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata (AR)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (TZ)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-60
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2816919
- OpenAlex
- W1754023234
- Semantic Scholar
- 8d4efb26c114a92c0a53f3f1cac169031babde8a
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- RUCforsk (Roskilde University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- personality disorders, global prevalence, morbidity, service costs, psychological intervention, personality disorder classification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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