Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is increasing agreement that the current categorical system of personality disorders (PDs) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM‐IV ; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) should be replaced by a trait dimensional scheme in DSM‐V . In particular, the consensus appears to be converging on a hierarchical Big Four model. The broad factors that form the apex of this hierarchy are essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness. We argue that this Big Four model is incomplete, however, in that it fails to model characteristics related to the “odd or eccentric” Cluster A PDs adequately. We report the results of three studies that examine these odd, eccentric characteristics in relation to basic dimensions of normal and abnormal personality. The results of these studies establish the existence of an Oddity factor that is (a) broader than the Cluster A traits and (b) distinct from Openness and the other Big Five dimensions. Consequently, its addition yields an alternative five‐factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics.
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Watson, Clark and Chmielewski [2008] proposed that a fifth factor called Oddity is needed to model traits related to eccentricity.
“Watson, Clark and Chmielewski [2008] proposed that a fifth factor called Oddity is needed to model traits related to eccentricity.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark and Chmielewski [2008]
In some studies, schizoid characteristics overlap with eccentric and odd behaviour and/or paranoid symptoms, and an additional factor, peculiarity, has been suggested for a six-factor model.
“In some studies these charac teristics overlap with eccentric and odd behaviour and/or paranoid personality disorder symptoms, and an additional factor, peculiarity, has been suggested to make up a six-fac tor model”
From Personality disorder: a new global perspective (2010) · cites this paper as [49]
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“Competing hypotheses have been offered to account for these personality changes: The intrinsic maturation hypothesis suggests that change trajectories are endogenous, whereas the life-course hypothesis suggests that these changes occur because of transactions with the social environment.”
BackgroundFive-Factor Model of Personality Disorder: A Proposal for DSM-V
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“This SNAP bipolarity has been replicated in many subsequent factor analytic studies (e.g., Markon et al., 2005; Watson et al., 2008).”
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“Or are these constructs sufficiently dissimilar that openness and peculiarity should not be regarded as delineating the same domain (see Watson et al., 2008)?”
BackgroundReliability and Validity of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5)
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Self-citationObjections to the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure—and why those Objections Fail
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“…of PID-5 response styles.27 Another example involves a joint factor analysis of the 30 NEO-PI-R facets, the 15 SNAP scales, and several markers of dissociation, as examined in the participant sample of Markon, Krueger, and Watson (2005, study 2) and of Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008).”
MethodAn integrative dimensional classification of personality disorder.
Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Clark, L. A. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016606 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationTackett, J. L., Balsis, S., Oltmanns, T. F., & Krueger, R. F. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940900039x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Markon, K. E., Quilty, L. C., Bagby, R. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113486513 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Quilty, L. C., Ayearst, L. E., Chmielewski, M. S., Pollock, B. G., & Bagby, R. M. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113486183 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Although Openness-to-Experience has been demonstrated to be distinct from Psychoticism and related traits (Tackett et al., 2008; Watson et al., 2008), this regression was included as well to explore Five Factor Model facet trait associations with this domain.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBeauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pang, K. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01224.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Luyten, P., & Blatt, S. J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Integrating Normal and Pathological Personality
Watson, D., Stasik, S. M., Ro, E., & Clark, L. A. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113485810 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“As noted earlier, we also use the 15-item SNAP-2 Eccentric Perceptions scale—which correlates strongly with markers of psychoticism (Watson et al., 2008)—to model a Peculiarity factor in the community participants.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationOn the Convergence Between PSY-5 Domains and PID-5 Domains and Facets
Anderson, J. L., Sellbom, M., Bagby, R. M., Quilty, L. C., Veltri, C. O. C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112471141 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“…to the DSM-5 has also identified a psychoticism domain in addition to the other FFM domains (Tackett, Silberschmidt, Krueger, & Sponheim, 2008; Watson et al., 2008; see also Harkness & McNulty, 1994), which indicates promise in capturing the full spectrum of dimensional personality pathology.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSuzuki, T., Samuel, D. B., Pahlen, S., & Krueger, R. F. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000035 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Chmielewski, M. S., Bagby, R. M., Markon, K. E., Ring, A. J., & Ryder, A. G. (2014) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_128 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Because of the inherent problems in analyzing STPD as a unitary construct, our interest in assessing multiple symptom dimensions, and the fact that Cluster A disorders contain overlapping diagnostic criteria (Watson et al., 2008), we augmented the STPD items with items from other Cluster A scales.”
MethodSelf-citationFive-Factor Measure of Borderline Personality Traits
Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N., Edmundson, M., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.672504 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The joint structure of DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II disorders.
Røysamb, E., Kendler, K. S., Tambs, K., Ørstavik, R., Neale, M. C., Aggen, S. H., Torgersen, S. O., & Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021660 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Correspondingly, neuroticism, and partly low agreeableness and conscientiousness, seem to be common denominators for a range of personality disorders (Saulsman & Page, 2004), and integrative models of normal personality traits and disorders recently have been proposed (DeYoung, 2006; Digman, 1997; Markon, Krueger, & W…”
BackgroundInfluentialTen aspects of the Big Five in the Personality Inventory for DSM–5.
DeYoung, C. G., Carey, B. E., Krueger, R. F., & Ross, S. R. (2016) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000170 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Integrating Normal and Abnormal Personality Structure: The Five‐Factor Model
Widiger, T. A., & Costa, P. T. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00776.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Personality inDSM–5:Helping Delineate Personality Disorder Content and Framing the Metastructure
Krueger, R. F., Eaton, N. R., Derringer, J. L., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.577478 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“, 2011) identified six broad domains of content: emotional dysregulation/negative emotionality/neuroticism; detachment/low positive affectivity/introversion; disinhibition (encompassing elements of low FFM conscientiousness); antagonism (encompassing elements of low FFM agreeableness); compulsivity (which has some ele…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Five-Factor Measure of Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Traits
Samuel, D. B., Riddell, A. D. B., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.677885 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“…of FFM conscientiousness and OCPD is also provided in the meta-analytic study of O’Connor (2005), as well as the factor analyses of Clark, Livesley, and Schroeder (1996), Markon, Krueger, and Watson (2005), Schroeder, Wormworth, and Livesley (1992), and Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008).”
Big five model personality traits and job burnout: a systematic literature review
Angelini, G. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01056-y · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Chmielewski, M. S., & Watson, D. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.364 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationReclassifying personality disorders
Tyrer, P. J., Crawford, M., & Mulder, R. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61926-5 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Harkness, A. R., Finn, J. A., McNulty, J. L., & Shields, S. M. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025830 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Extraversion and psychopathology: A facet-level analysis.
Watson, D., Stasik, S. M., Ellickson‐Larew, S., & Stanton, K. J. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000051 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationA shaky future for personality disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0021855 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“This bipolarity is also found in most every study posted on the website that provided a structural model of personality disorder (e.g., Markon et al., 2005; O'Connor, 2002, 2005; Saulsman & Page, 2004; Watson et al., 2008; Widiger & Simonsen, 2005).”
BackgroundAshton, M. C., Lee, K., de Vries, R. E., Hendrickse, J., & Born, M. P. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.5.641 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Clark, L. A., & Ro, E. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000063 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationSuzuki, T., Griffin, S. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12235 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A comparison of the DSM-5 Section II and Section III personality disorder structures
Anderson, J. L., Snider, S., Sellbom, M., Krueger, R. F., & Hopwood, C. J. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.007 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Since the DSM-III, however, the current diagnostic system for personality pathology has been met with substantial criticism (e.g. Clark, 2007; Clemence et al., 2009; Vinnars and Barber, 2008; Watson et al., 2008; Widiger and Mullins-Sweatt, 2010).”
The DSM-5 Dimensional Model of Personality Disorder: Rationale and Empirical Support
Widiger, T. A. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.2.222 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Five-Factor Model Describes the Structure of Social Perceptions
Srivastava, S. (2010) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478401003648815 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Unusual sleep experiences, dissociation, and schizotypy: Evidence for a common domain
Koffel, E., & Watson, D. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationStability and Change in Personality Disorders
Morey, L. C., & Hopwood, C. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185637 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“…groups is basically conceptualized as a binary category (either it is present or absent), but they can also be represented in a more continuous manner in the form of symptom counts (Kass et al. 1985), prototype matching scores (Westen & Shedler 1999), or scores on dimensional traits (Clark 2007).”
BackgroundEaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., South, S. C., Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. A. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710001650 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“…2005 ; Widiger & Samuel, 2005 ; Widiger et al. 2005 ; Clark, 2007) that would allow all individuals to be characterized on a comprehensive set of PD-related dimensions (e.g. Harkness & McNulty, 1994 ; Harkness et al. 1995 ; Widiger & Simonsen, 2005 ; Tackett et al. 2008 ; Watson et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPersonality disorder: a new global perspective
TYRER, P., MULDER, R., CRAWFORD, M., NEWTON-HOWES, G., SIMONSEN, E., NDETEI, D., KOLDOBSKY, N., FOSSATI, A., MBATIA, J., & BARRETT, B. (2010) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00270.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model
Widiger, T. A., & McCabe, G. A. (2020) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000507378 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Carpenter, W. T., Bustillo, J. R., Thaker, G. K., van Os, J., Krueger, R. F., & Green, M. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990286 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Watson et al. (2008) reported very similar results in a sample of college students who completed a similarly enriched set of indicators of abnormal personality.”
ResultA dimensional model of personality disorder: Incorporating DSM Cluster A characteristics.
Tackett, J. L., Silberschmidt, A. L., Krueger, R. F., & Sponheim, S. R. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.454 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Harkness, A. R., Reynolds, S. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.823438 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“These replications include Tackett, Silberschmidt, Krueger, and Sponheim (2008), Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008), and the trait model proposed by the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM–5 Personality Disorders Workgroup.”
Griffin, S. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000074 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
McCabe, J. E. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034835 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Stroud, C. B., Durbin, C. E., Saigal, S. D., & Knobloch-Fedders, L. M. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.011 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Anderson, J. L., Sellbom, M., Ayearst, L. E., Quilty, L. C., Chmielewski, M. S., & Bagby, R. M. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000096 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, J. D. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00773.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cicero, D. C., Jonas, K. G., Li, K., Perlman, G., & Kotov, R. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz005 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A Five-Factor Measure of Schizotypal Personality Traits
Edmundson, M., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., Gore, W. L., & Widiger, T. A. (2011) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191111408228 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008) conducted a series of factor analyses that included measures of the FFM along with a variety of measures of schizotypic, dissociative, and other indicators of cognitive– perceptual aberrations.”
BackgroundChildhood antecedents of personality disorder: An alternative perspective
Widiger, T. A., Clercq, B. J. D., & Fruyt, F. D. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940900042x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Parsimony would itself suggest that openness includes a maladaptive variant, consistent with the other four domains but not within the six-factor model of Watson et al. (2008).”
ResultThe Role of Personality in Psychotherapy for Anxiety and Depression
Zinbarg, R. E., Uliaszek, A. A., & Adler, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00534.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Many theorists have represented and emphasized the hierarchical structure of the Big Five (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1997; Digman, 1997; Eysenck, 1947; Watson et al., 2008).”
The Conceptualization and Assessment of Schizotypal Traits: A Comparison of the FFSI and PID-5
Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_270 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Integrating a developmental perspective in dimensional models of personality disorders
Clercq, B. J. D., Fruyt, F. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.12.002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Grazioplene, R. G., Chavez, R. S., Rustichini, A., & DeYoung, C. G. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000176 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Roche, M. J., Jacobson, N. C., & Pincus, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000177 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Knežević, G., Savić, D., Kutlesic, V., & Opačić, G. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.06.001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The Oddity trait, proposed by Watson et al. (2008), is similar to our proposed factor in that it represents a wide Disintegration-like trait which lies beyond the FFM, but Oddity is less similar to Disintegration in terms of the lower order facets.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAn Integrative Conceptual Framework for Assessing Personality and Personality Pathology
Leising, D., & Zimmermann, J. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025070 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“This latter trait is not part of the Big Five model of personality, but empirical research has demonstrated that a separate factor may be necessary to cover this domain (Watson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPilkonis, P. A., Hallquist, M. N., Morse, J. Q., & Stepp, S. D. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0022226 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008) found evidence for an oddity dimension characterized by unusual perceptual and cognitive experiences that adds distinctive information beyond more normative expressions of openness to experience, and they suggested that oddity be incorporated into any system…”
BackgroundEpistemological Pluralism and Scientific Development: An Argument Against Authoritative Nosologies
Markon, K. E. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.5.554 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Big Five Factor Model, Theory and Structure
Raad, B. D., & Mlačić, B. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25066-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Berghuis, H., Kamphuis, J. H., & Verheul, R. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.5.704 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
van Kampen, D. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.627966 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“However, in a study by Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008), this factor, now labeled Oddity, was actually found to supplement the usual FFM dimensions.”
Multidimensional structure of the Hypomanic Personality Scale.
Schalet, B. D., Durbin, C. E., & Revelle, W. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0022301 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sex ratio dynamics and fluctuating selection on personality
Giudice, M. D. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.12.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Broeck, J. V. D., Bastiaansen, L., Rossi, G. M. P., Dierckx, E., Clercq, B. J. D., & Hofmans, J. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2013_27_114 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Analogous joint factor-analytic research by Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008) suggested that markers of “Oddity” (primarily defined by measures of dissociative tendencies and conceptually akin to PID-5’s Psychoticism) formed a common dimension with Neuroticism in their two-, three-, and…”
BackgroundLukić, P., & Živanović, M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110876 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Behavior genetics of personality disorders: Informing classification and conceptualization in DSM-5.
South, S. C., & DeYoung, N. J. (2012) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0026255 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Samuel, D. B., Carroll, K. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Ball, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.5.625 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stepp, S. D., Yu, L., Miller, J. D., Hallquist, M. N., Trull, T. J., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0025905 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Including Unconventionality in a dimensional model of personality pathology is somewhat controversial because it is not clear that this construct is relevant to personality pathology (O’Connor & Dyce, 1998; Watson et al., 2008; Watson, Clark, & Harkness, 1994).”
FFMPD scales: Comparisons with the FFM, PID-5, and CAT-PD-SF.
Crego, C., Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000495 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…warrants further consideration as they bear on an ongoing issue within the personality disorder field, the relationship of psychoticism with FFM openness (Ashton & Lee, 2012; Chmielewski, Bagby, Markon, Ring, & Ryder, 2014; Crego & Widiger, in press; Gore & Widiger, 2013; Watson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultMaladaptively High and Low Openness: The Case for Experiential Permeability
Piedmont, R. L., Sherman, M. F., & Sherman, N. C. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00777.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Significant correlations were obtained for other EPI scales (e.g., EPI Unrestricted Self with SNAP Passive-Aggressive, and EPI Rigid correlated with SNAP Propriety), but strong relationships were not necessarily expected for these scales, given the failure of the DSM-IV-TR to provide adequate coverage of maladaptively…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing Personality in theDSM–5: The Utility of Bipolar Constructs
Samuel, D. B. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.577476 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
HiTOP thought disorder, DSM-5 psychoticism, and five factor model openness
Widiger, T. A., & Crego, C. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.04.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
O ddity, Schizotypy/Dissociation, and Personality
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00735.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ansell, E. B., Pinto, A., Crosby, R. D., Becker, D. F., Anez, L. M., Paris, M., & Grilo, C. M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Age-group differences in facets of positive and negative affect
Ready, R. E., Vaidya, J. G., Watson, D., Latzman, R. D., Koffel, E., & Clark, L. A. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.562184 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-pathology, the five-factor model, and bloated specific factors: A cautionary tale.
Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000144 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Calabrese, W. R., Rudick, M. M., Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. A. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0026915 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“SNAP Antagonism .29 −.27 .12 BFI Neuroticism .78 −.02 .41 .17 BFI Conscientiousness −.27 .64 −.10 −.22 BFI Extraversion −.31 .00 −.72 .00 BFI Agreeableness −.27 .10 −.28 −.52 FFI Neuroticism .80 −.26 .44 .24 FFI Conscientiousness −.34 .66 −.22 −.17 FFI Extraversion −.42 .20 −.76 −.15 FFI Agreeableness −.35 .13 −.28 −.…”
BackgroundSelf-citationXiang, Y., Kong, F., Wen, X., Wu, Q., & Mo, L. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Previous studies have found that neuroticism is correlated with the experience of negative emotion, anxiety, and irritability (Watson et al., 2008; Costa and McCrate, 1992).”
Integrating Normal and Abnormal Personality Structure: A Proposal for DSM-V
Widiger, T. A. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.338 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Factor Analytic Support for the Five Factor Model
Wright, A. G. C. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.20 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“For instance, Watson et al. (2008) reported on three different studies, each of which they interpreted as suggesting that schizotypy/oddity reflected a domain outside of the FFM and did not correspond to openness.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKnežević, G., Lazarević, L. B., Bošnjak, M., Purić, D., Petrović, B., Teovanović, P., Opačić, G., & Bodroža, B. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.044 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Chmielewski, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Watson, David
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-10-29
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1545-1586
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W1898515047
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 21.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- personality structure, personality disorders, Big Five personality traits, Cluster A personality disorders, openness to experience, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Community Participation, Emotions, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Iowa, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Neurotic Disorders, Personality, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychopathology, Students, Universities, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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