Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: Report of a task force of the american society for bone and mineral Research
Abstract
Reports linking long-term use of bisphosphonates (BPs) with atypical fractures of the femur led the leadership of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) to appoint a task force to address key questions related to this problem. A multidisciplinary expert group reviewed pertinent published reports concerning atypical femur fractures, as well as preclinical studies that could provide insight into their pathogenesis. A case definition was developed so that subsequent studies report on the same condition. The task force defined major and minor features of complete and incomplete atypical femoral fractures and recommends that all major features, including their location in the subtrochanteric region and femoral shaft, transverse or short oblique orientation, minimal or no associated trauma, a medial spike when the fracture is complete, and absence of comminution, be present to designate a femoral fracture as atypical. Minor features include their association with cortical thickening, a periosteal reaction of the lateral cortex, prodromal pain, bilaterality, delayed healing, comorbid conditions, and concomitant drug exposures, including BPs, other antiresorptive agents, glucocorticoids, and proton pump inhibitors. Preclinical data evaluating the effects of BPs on collagen cross-linking and maturation, accumulation of microdamage and advanced glycation end products, mineralization, remodeling, vascularity, and angiogenesis lend biologic plausibility to a potential association with long-term BP use. Based on published and unpublished data and the widespread use of BPs, the incidence of atypical femoral fractures associated with BP therapy for osteoporosis appears to be very low, particularly compared with the number of vertebral, hip, and other fractures that are prevented by BPs. Moreover, a causal association between BPs and atypical fractures has not been established. However, recent observations suggest that the risk rises with increasing duration of exposure, and there is concern that lack of awareness and underreporting may mask the true incidence of the problem. Given the relative rarity of atypical femoral fractures, the task force recommends that specific diagnostic and procedural codes be created and that an international registry be established to facilitate studies of the clinical and genetic risk factors and optimal surgical and medical management of these fractures. Physicians and patients should be made aware of the possibility of atypical femoral fractures and of the potential for bilaterality through a change in labeling of BPs. Research directions should include development of animal models, increased surveillance, and additional epidemiologic and clinical data to establish the true incidence of and risk factors for this condition and to inform orthopedic and medical management.
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Atypical fractures are more common in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients receiving bisphosphonate treatments.
“atypical fractures were more common in GIOP patients receiving bisphosphonate treatments ([56])”
From Prevention of glucocorticoid induced bone changes with beta-ecdysone (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
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An overview and management of osteoporosis
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Self-citationRisk of femoral shaft and subtrochanteric fractures among users of bisphosphonates and raloxifene
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Self-citationPrevention of glucocorticoid induced bone changes with beta-ecdysone
Dai, W., Jiang, L., Lay, Y.-A. E., Chen, H., Jin, G., Zhang, H., Kot, A., Ritchie, R. O., Lane, N. E., & Yao, W. (2015) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2015.01.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mansjur, K. Q., Kuroda, S., Izawa, T., Maeda, Y., Sato, M., Watanabe, K., Horiuchi, S., & Tanaka, E. (2016) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-015-1533-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The effects of organic nitrates on osteoporosis: A systematic review
Jamal, S. A., Reid, L. S., & Hamilton, C. J. (2013) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2262-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bone safety of low-dose glucocorticoids in rheumatic diseases
Saag, K. G. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12446 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shane, E., Burr, D., Ebeling, P. R., Abrahamsen, B., Adler, R. A., Brown, T. D., Cheung, A. M., Cosman, F., Curtis, J. R., Dell, R., Dempster, D., Einhorn, T. A., Genant, H. K., Geusens, P., Klaushofer, K., Koval, K., Lane, J. M., McKiernan, F., McKinney, R., Ng, A., Nieves, J., O'Keefe, R., Papapoulos, S., Sen, H. T., van der Meulen, M. C., Weinstein, R. S., & Whyte, M.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- Author affiliations appear on pp. 2288–2289
- Corresponding author
- Shane, Elizabeth
- Burr, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-09-14
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2267-2294
- ISSN
- 0884-0431 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-4681
- OpenAlex
- W2624963411
- Cited by
- 1,116
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 138 · 2012: 124
- FWCI
- 123.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Document Server@UHasselt (UHasselt) (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty
- Keywords
- atypical femoral fractures, bisphosphonates, subtrochanteric fractures, femoral shaft fracture, fracture pathogenesis, collagen cross-linking, microdamage, advanced glycation end products, osteoporosis, antiresorptive agents, glucocorticoids, proton pump inhibitors, fracture incidence, underreporting, fracture registry, fracture risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Diagnostic Imaging, Diphosphonates, Femoral Fractures, Femur, Health Planning Guidelines, Hip Fractures, Humans, Minerals, Radiography, Research, Societies, Medical, Diaphyses, Advisory Committees
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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