A multifaith spiritually based intervention for generalized anxiety disorder: a pilot randomized trial
Open accessAbstract
This pilot trial evaluated the efficacy of a multifaith spiritually based intervention (SBI) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for GAD of at least moderate severity were randomized to either 12 sessions of the SBI (n=11) delivered by a spiritual care counselor or 12 sessions of psychologist-administered cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT; n=11). Outcome measures were completed at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. Primary efficacy measures included the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed on the intent-to-treat sample using the Last Observation Carried Forward method. Eighteen patients (82%) completed the study. The SBI produced robust and clinically significant reductions from baseline in psychic and somatic symptoms of GAD and was comparable in efficacy to CBT. A reduction in depressive symptoms and improvement in social adjustment was also observed. Treatment response occurred in 63.6% of SBI-treated and 72.3% of CBT-treated patients. Gains were maintained at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. These preliminary findings are encouraging and suggest that a multifaith SBI may be an effective treatment option for GAD. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the efficacy of this intervention.
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Other active treatments, like biofeedback, applied relaxation and different psychological interventions, proved to be less effective than CBT.
“Other active treatments, like biofeedback (Biswas and Chattopadhyay, 2001), applied relaxation (Arntz, 2003) and different psychological interventions (Koszycki et al., 2010) proved to be less effective than CBT.”
From Standard CBT versus integrative and multimodal CBT assisted by virtual-reality for generalized anxiety disorder (2022) · cites this paper as Koszycki et al., 2010
The Koszycki citation is attached to the claim that a different psychological intervention proved less effective than CBT. In the Follow-Up Phase, the paper reports no significant difference in treatment outcome between its spiritual intervention and CBT; the Discussion says the intervention compared well with CBT. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Ghotbabadi, S. S., & Alizadeh, K. H. (2018) · Health Spirituality and Medical Ethics · doi:10.29252/jhsme.5.1.20 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“religion-based interventions can be used to prevent and treat mental distress (17-19).”
BackgroundUnderwood, L., & Vagnini, K. M. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13030237 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Schaefer, L. M., Howell, K. H., Thurston, I. B., Kaufman, C. C., & Hasselle, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518817027 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“Esta incapacidade afeta especialmente pessoas de 15 anos ou mais, intervindo no meio familiar e social [19, 20].”
BackgroundThe requirements of hospital-based spiritual care for cancer patients
Moghimian, M., & Irajpour, A. (2018) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-018-4569-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Spiritual well-being of INSTED, IIUM Students’ and Its Relationship with College Adjustment
Mansor, N., & Khalid, N. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.068 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Karačić, A., Brkić, J., Theunissen, M., Sović, S., Karimollahi, M., Bakula, B., Karacic, J., & Rosmarin, D. H. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287451 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The other is related to whether interventions based on religiousness represent a possible additional option for surgical fear management for religious patients [46, 47].”
BackgroundThe impact of religious cognitive behavioural therapy (RCBT) on general health among Iranians
Alagheband, M., Mahmoodabad, S. S. M., Ardekani, S. M. Y., Fallahzadeh, H., Rezaei, M. R., Yavari, M. R., & Moghadam, J. A. (2019) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2018.1517254 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The findings by Koszycki et al. (2010) support our results.”
Investigation of the Role of Complementary Medicine on Anxiety of Patients Before and After Surgery
Ebrahimi, A., Eslami, J., Darvishi, I., Momeni, K., & Akbarzadeh, M. (2020) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000414 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial Mindfulness Based on Artificial Intelligence
Indrianti, Y., Sasmoko, S., Amin, N. F. M., Rabiha, S. G., Setiadi, N. J., Handrimurtjahjo, A. D., & Waspodo, M. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1641/1/012069 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The parental role before and after SIDS
Plews-Ogan, E., Keywan, C., Morris, S. E., & Goldstein, R. D. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1936296 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Aspectos éticos e legais da assistência religiosa em hospitais psiquiátricos
Braghetta, C. C., Lucchetti, G., Leão, F. C., Vallada, C. P., Vallada, H., & Cordeiro, Q. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832011000500004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Religion, Spirituality and Coping with Breast Cancer: A Phenomenological Study
Mehrabi, E., Hajian, S., Simbar, M., & Hoshyari, M. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
It’s time to translate the Quranic words, Nafs & Qalb as referring to Mind & Intelligence
Husain, W. (2022) · Islamiyyat · doi:10.17576/islamiyyat-2022-4402-06 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Samani, E., Ahmadi, A., & Sharifi, H. (2020) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2020.01.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Relação entre a inteligência espiritual e a saúde mental e física em idosos
Pereira, A. D., Marques, M., Simões, S. C. C., & Cunha, M. I. V. A. (2016) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.7342/ismt.rpics.2016.2.1.18 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploring ageism and ageing anxiety: a cross-sectional study in Egypt
Abdelkader, A. S., Elbayar, R., Ashour, A. A., Alwerdani, M. M., Elgabry, A., Hashish, S. A., & Ashour, A. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02846-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Integrating Spirituality into Primary Care
Lucchetti, G., Lucchetti, A. L. G., Rodrigo, M., Vera, A. V. D., & Peres, M. F. P. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/38265 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Recently, some studies have been addressing the impact of a spiritual intervention for treatment of some conditions such as anxiety(20), depression(21),cancer(22), including others.”
BackgroundA description and factors causing student anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in indonesia
Santosa, H., Widyastuti, D. A., Basuki, A., Kasman, R., Buchori, S., & Fitria, N. (2021) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.18844/cjes.v16i4.6055 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The study of (Koszycki et al., 2010) revealed that spiritual healing has comparable power to cognitive behavioral therapy in overcoming anxiety.”
BackgroundSarı, E., Moilanen, M., & Lindeboom, M. (2024) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101712 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“Second, the media model provides a new alternative to estimate the dimensionality of mental health since the approach suggests that psychological variables connect and reinforce each other, forming a causally connected system without necessarily detecting a common latent variable [73].”
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“Because of the correction of vision, patients are more properly resolving the problems caused by their disease and improving their quality of life and mental health (Koszycki et al., 2010).”
Dimensions of the Spiritual Needs of Muslim Chronic Patients: A Qualitative Study
Irajpour, A., & Moghimian, M. (2018) · Journal of Muslim Mental Health · doi:10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0012.203 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Professional immigrants and high-functioning anxiety: assessing some interventions
Pandya, S. P. (2023) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2023.2170200 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Intervention compliance was a strong predictor of changes in post-test outcomes, as supported in the previous research (Carmody and Baer 2009; Koszycki et al. 2010, 2014; Ramos, Barrera, and Stanley 2014; Parsons et al. 2017).”
BackgroundResultSubramanyam, M., Appaya, M. P., Samudyatha, U. C., Preeti, S., & Gowda, M. (2024) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_172_23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Einfluss eines vierwöchigen achtsamkeitsbasierten Trainings auf die Lebenszufriedenheit
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The Effect of Religious-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Resiliency in Couples
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“Spiritual and religious beliefs which have been regarded as very effective strategies in life can play an effective role in human physical, mental, and social well-being (20).”
BackgroundPositive Affect Predicted Death Anxiety in Health Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic
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Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy features on intrinsically religiously oriented people
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Interventionen zur Regulation von Food Craving: Eine Übersicht
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Effects of a Brief Spiritual Intervention on Perceived Stress During COVID-19
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“…stress all take place over much longer lengths of time, often spanning 60 to 90 minutes at a time (Moritz et al., 2006; Richards et al., 2006) and for 7 to 12 weeks (Koszycki et al., 2010; Phillips et al., 2002; Tuck, 2012), compared to our intervention of about 10 minutes a night for seven nights.”
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Religiously and Spiritually Integrated Treatments and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Making Windows into Men's Souls: Ethical Perspectives on Spiritual Assessment in Nursing
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Religion and Spirituality in Intercultural Therapy
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Supporting people with depressive and anxiety disorders
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Pharmacological Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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- Authors
- Koszycki, D., Raab, K., Aldosary, F., & Bradwejn, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Koszycki, Diana
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02-08
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 430-441
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W1995694274
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, spiritual care, cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment efficacy, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, social adaptation, treatment response, maintenance of treatment gains
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Religion and Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Intention to Treat Analysis
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