Anger Rumination as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Aggression: The Utility of a Multidimensional Mindfulness Model: Mindfulness, Anger Rumination, and Aggression
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Mindfulness training reduces anger and aggression, but the mechanisms of these effects are unclear. Mindfulness may reduce anger expression and hostility via reductions in anger rumination, a process of thinking repetitively about angry episodes that increases anger. Previous research supports this theory but used measures of general rumination and assessed only the present-centered awareness component of mindfulness. The present study investigated associations between various aspects of mindfulness, anger rumination, and components of aggression. METHOD: The present study used self-report measures of these constructs in a cross-sectional sample of 823 students. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling revealed that anger rumination accounts for a significant component of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression, with the largest effect sizes demonstrated for the nonjudgment of inner experiences facet of mindfulness. CONCLUSION: Nonjudgment and present-centered awareness may influence aggression via reduced anger rumination. The importance of examining mindfulness as a multidimensional construct is discussed.
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One study found that mostly high levels of the non-judging component of mindfulness, but not the observing and acting with awareness components, predicted less anger rumination and, in turn, less anger and aggression.
“This is important to consider in future studies as one study found that it was mostly high levels of the non-judging component of mindfulness, but not the observing and acting with awareness components, that predicted less anger rumination and, in turn, less anger and aggression (Peters et al. 2015).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as Peters et al. 2015
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BackgroundPeters, J. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Upton, B. T., Talavera, N. A., Folsom, J. J., & Baer, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9594-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Increasing nonjudgment of internal experiences, a component of mindfulness emphasized by DBT, may be particularly relevant for targeting anger rumination and its outcomes (Peters et al. 2013; Peters et al. 2015b; Eisenlohr-Moul et al. 2016).”
Self-citationThe longitudinal relationships among agreeableness, anger rumination, and aggression
Quan, F., Yang, R., & Xia, L. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01030-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“As mentioned above, cybervictimization is one of the stressors (Lianos and Mcgrath, 2018), and stress and rumination lead to risk factors for cyberbullying (Kowalski et al., 2014; Peters et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDaigneault, I., Dion, J., Hébert, M., & Bourgeois, C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0571-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Anger Rumination and Mindfulness: Mediating Effects on Forgiveness
Anuncibay, R. D. L. F., Barbadillo, Á. G., Sánchez, D. O., Ordóñez-Camblor, N., & Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052668 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“More specifically, some studies indicate that the mindfulness trait is less able to predicts the rumination and anger traits [68,69,72].”
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Self-reported mindfulness, cyclist anger and aggression
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The Emerging Role of Mindfulness Research in the Workplace and its Challenges
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Mindfulness and Empathy: Mediating Factors and Gender Differences in a Spanish Sample
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The De-automatizing Function of Mindfulness Facets: an Empirical Test
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“On the other hand, and consistent with past research on the links between observing and rumination (Peters et al. 2015), and between observing and empathy (Dekeyser et al. 2008), the observing facet was positively related to perspective taking via both higher rumination and higher cognitive…”
ResultInfluentialΓεωργίου, Σ. Ν., Charalampous, K., & Stavrinides, P. (2021) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343211035420 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“There is a growing body of evidence on the advantageous outcomes of mindfulness interventions on youths’ emotion regulation including decreased anger (Franco et al., 2016; Peters et al., 2015), depression and anxiety (Geurtzen et al.”
Polat, H., & Karakaş, S. A. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12726 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The associations and effects of mindfulness on anger and aggression: A meta-analytic review
O’Dean, S., Summerell, E., Harmon‐Jones, E., Creswell, J. D., & Denson, T. F. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102584 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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“…and tranquility), particularly associated with anger and rumination-anger (persistent thinking about a personally significant event that occurred to the person or others that leads to the anger response) as predictive variables of aggressive behavior (Peters et al., 2015; White & Turner, 2014).”
BackgroundQu, W., Liu, M., & Ge, Y. (2024) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2024.107642 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Joss, D., Teicher, M. H., & Lazar, S. W. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02439-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“There are also theories in the literature for mindfulness to reduce hostility indirectly through mediators such as rumination (Peters et al., 2015) and emotion regulation (Zhang & Zhang, 2023).”
Gao, Y., Shi, L., Smith, K. R., Kingree, J. B., & Thompson, M. P. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13050480 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Other possible explanatory mechanisms include decentering [28], reduction of rumination [29], metacognitive insight [30,31], cognitive flexibility [4,7], all of which have been shown as associated with mindfulness in documented evidence.”
BackgroundThe inner workings of anger: A network analysis of anger and emotion regulation
Larsson, J., Bjureberg, J., Zhao, X., & Hesser, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23622 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In line with this reasoning, both cross ‐ sectional (Kim et al., 2022; Peters et al., 2015) and longitudinal studies (Eisenlohr ‐ Moul et al., 2016) have found mindful nonjudgement and nonreactivity to be indirectly associated with aggression via their associations with anger rumination.”
Hesse, C., Shorey, R. C., Brem, M. J., Stuart, G. L., & Cornelius, T. L. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519879264 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“At the same time, research would suggest that anger rumination can mediate the relationship between the nonjudging facet of mindfulness and general aggression perpetration (Peters et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSünbül, Z. A. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00342-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mindfulness and the Treatment of Aggression and Violence
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The regulation effects of anger rumination on different foci of anger
Ding, X., & Qian, M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12666 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Geiger, P. J., Herr, N. R., & Peters, J. R. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.035 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Seavey, Quinn, & Cornelius, 2014) and predicts less anger rumination, hostility, and aggression (Eisenlohr-Moul et al., 2016; Peters et al., 2013; Peters et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhang, R., Chen, J., Zhang, C., & Xu, W. (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22121 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, N., Piehler, T. F., Gewirtz, A. H., Zamir, O., & Snyder, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12384 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In previous studies, higher levels of acting with awareness, nonjudging, and nonreactivity were found to be uniquely associated with lower anger (Bergman et al., 2016; Eisenlohr-Moul et al., 2016; Peters et al., 2015; Karyadi, VanderVeen, & Cyders, 2014).”
BackgroundTo text or talk: Does communication modality matter when providing criticism to others?
DeClerck, D., & Holtzman, S. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Relational Aggressors’ Coping: The Moderating Role of Empathy
Kokkinos, C. M., & Voulgaridou, I. (2019) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2019.1597728 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Moreover, interventions emphasizing cultivation of nonjudgmental attitudes (i.e., tactics that cause distraction) as well as present-centered alertness toward what is noticed, may be especially efficient for declining rumination and associated RA (Peters et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRababah, J. A., Al‐Hammouri, M. M., Tawalbeh, L. I., Alhawatmeh, H. N., & Hasan, M. (2022) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12719 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Su, Y., Sun, W., Gan, Y., Zhu, Q., Liu, G., Hui, L., Tang, H., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1007983 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“MBIs may also be effective in reducing aggression (Peters et al., 2015; Gillions et al., 2019).”
BackgroundIngram, R. E., Balderas, J. C., Hagan, K. E., & Kohnle, K. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.568 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The link between anger and reactive aggression: Insights into anger rumination
Wen, J., Wang, G., & Miao, M. (2024) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22157 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gender Gap in Mindfulness Assessment Among Italian Nurses: A Pilot Descriptive Study
Vitale, E. (2021) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2021.2.12 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Role of Trait Mindfulness in Aggressive Driving Behavior
Duany, J. M., & Mouloua, M. (2022) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181322661441 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“2019; Peters et al., 2015).”
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The relationship between mindfulness facets, self-compassion, and aggression in young adult women
Fuchs, D. E., Fleischmann, M. H., Wisener, M., & Khoury, B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04732-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Consistent with existing research, this study also found that the facets of non-judging of inner experience and acting with awareness had significant negative correlations with aggression (e.g., Peters et al., 2015; Velotti et al., 2016a).”
Erol, M., Temur, M., Erol, A., & Dayan, G. (2025) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228251334230 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Effect of Mindfulness on Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis
Utami, Y. A. H., & Yudiarso, A. (2023) · Psikologika Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.20885/psikologika.vol28.iss1.art4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Potential of Facing Anger with Mindfulness
Anālayo, B. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1006-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Borders, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812545-8.00007-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Factorial analysis and invariance by sex and age of the Anger Rumination Scale ARS Spanish version
Toro, R., García, J. G., & Basurto, F. Z. (2020) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.394021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…the direct association between these measures coincides with the reports of transdiagnostic studies on externalizing psychopathologies, particularly aggressive behaviors (Peters et al., 2015; White & Turner, 2014), which can increase and be maintained even 24 hours later (Bushman & Gibson, 2011).”
Hulsheger, U. R., Nübold, A., & Vasiļjeva, D. (2025) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-025-00234-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Attitudinal aspects of mindfulness are captured by the two facets of nonjudging and nonreactivity (Peters et al., 2015).”
The Relationship Between Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Mindfulness: A Meta-Analysis
Bogos, G., Măirean, C., Tiperciuc, A., Muntele‐Hendreș, D., & Mariș, A.-M. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02674-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This pattern reflects findings from earlier research suggesting that the observing facet may lack validity in non-meditating individuals, particularly undergraduate students (Baer et al., 2008; Barnhofer et al., 2011; Peters et al., 2015).”
Kresznerits, S., Zinner-Gérecz, Á., Miklósi, M., Szekeres, T., & Perczel-Forintos, D. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07740-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These findings align with earlier research supporting the protective role of mindfulness against psychological distress [51, 52, 55, 60].”
Can Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Protect from Relational Aggression and Victimization in College?
Christodoulou, V., Ilia, C., & Hadjigeorgiou, S. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2310222 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Mindfulness facets that have been found to be consistently associated with types of aggression are nonjudgement and acting with awareness (Garofalo et al., 2020a; Hesse et al., 2021; Peters et al., 2015) and less frequently, non-reactivity (Eisenlohr-Moul et al., 2016; Shorey et al., 2014).”
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“Relative deprivation may be addressed through cognitive interventions, while mindfulness training and cognitive reappraisal may alleviate anger rumination [46].”
Emotion regulation and the experience of racial microaggressions.
Sawyer, B. A. (2019) · doi:10.18297/etd/3189 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Mindfulness has been shown to reduce anger expression and intensity by reducing rumination among college students (Peters et al., 2015).”
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“On the contrary, there are negative relationships between mindfulness and distress (Dillard & Meier, 2021), emotion regulation difficulties (Hill & Updegraff, 2012), burnout (Piatkowska, 2014), aggression (Peters et al., 2015), and depression and anxiety (Parmentier et al., 2019).”
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Mindfulness-Based Interventions as School-Based Mental Health Promoting Programs
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Psychological Concomitants of Mindfulness
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Mindfulness and its role in leader development
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The Relationship Between Aggression, Rumination and Self-Esteem in Third-Level Students
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Mindfulness-based therapies for rumination
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ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА И ЭМПАТИИ ЖЕНЩИН- И МУЖЧИН-ВОЛОНТЕРОВ
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The Effect of Belief in a Just World on Online Aggressive Behavior: A Moderated Mediating Model
刘, 丽. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.121019
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Bilinçli Farkındalık ve İyilik Halinin Sürücü Davranışlarıyla İlişkisinin İncelenmesi
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Comment surmonter son sentiment d’injustice ?
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Mindfulness and romantic relationship quality: mediating effects on different facets of anger
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“Indeed, although their non-experimental, cross-sectional designs do not allow for making causal inferences, the studies conducted by Peters et al. (2015) and Tangney et al. (2017) supported the conceptual idea that mindfulness is related to romantic relationship quality through anger expression and…”
Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor to Psychopathology
Kovács, L. N. (2023) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2022.072
- Authors
- Peters, J. R., Smart, L. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Geiger, P. J., Smith, G. T., & Baer, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peters, Jessica R.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-04-28
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 871-884
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1541661908
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 11.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH093315)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- anger rumination, mindfulness, aggression, non-judgment, anger expression, hostility, mediation, students
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Anger, Cross-Sectional Studies, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Hostility, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics, Students, Universities, Young Adult, Self Report, Mindfulness
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