Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ)

Chadwick, Paul; Hember, Martin; Symes, Janette; Peters, Emmanuelle; Kuipers, Elizabeth; Dagnan, Dave

doi:10.1348/014466508x314891

Cited by 517Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsReligion, Spirituality, and PsychologyAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ)

Chadwick, Paul, Hember, Martin, Symes, Janette, Peters, Emmanuelle, Kuipers, Elizabeth, Dagnan, Dave·2008·British Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1348/014466508x314891

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Abstract

Objective: To assess the reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ), a 16‐item measure of mindful awareness of distressing thoughts and images. Methods: A total of 256 people participated, comprising a non‐clinical community sample of 134 (83 meditators and 51 non‐meditators) and a clinical sample of 122 people with a current distressing psychosis. To assess concurrent validity, non‐clinical participants and half clinical participants (total 197 participants) completed the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). Predicted links were assessed with affect, and 59 patients completed a validated measure to assess link between mindfulness and intensity of ‘delusional’ experience. Results: The scale has a single factor structure, was internally reliable, significantly correlated with the MAAS, showed expected associations with affect, and distinguished among meditators, non‐meditators and people with psychosis. Conclusions: The data support use of the SMQ in clinical practice and research to assess mindful responding to distressing thoughts and images.

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The SMQ is a valid and reliable 16-item measure of mindfulness in response to unpleasant thoughts and images.
“The Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ) is a valid and reliable 16-item measure that assesses the degree to which a person can remain mindful in response to unpleasant thoughts and images (Chadwick et al., 2008).”
From Testing Mindfulness Mechanisms of Action on the Stress and Burnout of Social Workers (2024) · cites this paper as Chadwick et al., 2008
The SMQ is a 16-item measure assessing elements of mindfulness in response to unpleasant thoughts and images.
“The SMQ is a 16-item measure assessing elements of mindfulness in response to unpleasant thoughts and images (Chadwick et al., 2008).”
From A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers (2023) · cites this paper as Chadwick et al., 2008
The SMQ has been found to have adequate concurrent and discriminant validity.
“The SMQ has been found to have adequate concurrent and discriminant validity (Chadwick et al., 2008).”
From A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers (2023) · cites this paper as Chadwick et al., 2008

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“Mindfulness is defined in the UTM as “present-focused, non-judgmental awareness of emotion,” and was assessed with the Southampton Mindfulness Scale (SMQ; Chadwick et al., 2008).”
Method
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Self-citation
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The contribution of mindfulness to the understanding and management of distress in psychosis and the validation of The Mindfulness Questionnaire
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Authors: Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D.
Affiliations: Royal South Hants Hospital (GB)
University of Southampton (GB)
King's College London (GB)
Lancaster University (GB)
Corresponding author: Chadwick, Paul
ORCID: Chadwick, Paul
Peters, Emmanuelle
Kuipers, Elizabeth
Dagnan, Dave
Venue: British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-11
Volume: 47
Issue: 4
Pages: 451-455
ISSN: 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
2044-8260
DOI: 10.1348/014466508x314891
OpenAlex: W2028960724
Cited by: 517
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 13.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 783 d)
Locations: British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
Insight (University of Cumbria) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: mindfulness, psychosis, delusional experiences, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, meditators, affect, psychometric validation, factor structure
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attention, Awareness, Cognition Disorders, Delusions, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ)

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