Cited by 140Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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Self‐Compassion Online: A Pilot Study of an Internet‐Based Self‐Compassion Cultivation Program for Psychology Trainees

Finlay‐Jones, Amy, Kane, Robert, Rees, Clare·2017·Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1002/jclp.22375

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Abstract

Objective: The current study sought to conduct a preliminary investigation of the effectiveness and feasibility of a novel, self‐guided online self‐compassion training for reducing psychological distress and increasing self‐compassion and happiness among psychology trainees. Method: A 6‐week online self‐compassion cultivation program was developed and delivered to Australian psychology trainees (n = 37), and a pre‐experimental repeated‐measures design was used to collect change data on self‐compassion, happiness, perceived stress, emotion regulation difficulties as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Results: Participants reported significant increases in self‐compassion and happiness and significant decreases in depression, stress, and emotion regulation difficulties between pretest and posttest, with the majority of changes maintained at 3‐month follow up. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness and acceptability of online self‐compassion training as a positive, integrated, and meaningful way of reducing distress and promoting self‐compassion and happiness among trainee psychologists.

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“Previous studies reported similar findings [64,66], but methodologically sound studies are required to ensure the long-term benefits of self-guided web-based programs in this population.”
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Salafi, K. A., Widianti, E., & Praptiwi, A. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0585 · Cited by 7
“Activities such as letter writing, reflection, meditation practice, and self-care activities to support meditation and selfcompassion has shown an amplifying effect on self-compassion and compassion for others by impacting education awareness and mindfulness(45).”
Background
Creatively Increasing Empathy: The Impacts of an Online Empathy Workshop
Kuhnley, A., Nguyen, T. H., Gantt‐Howrey, A., & Hinkley, P. (2021) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2021.1936328 · Cited by 9
Emotion-Focused Mobile App for Promoting Self-Compassion, Self-Protection, and Self-Criticism
Halamová, J., Mihaľo, J., & Bakoš, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113759 · Cited by 9
“[29] investigated the effectiveness of self-guided online self-compassion training among psychology trainees.”
BackgroundResult
Global Meditation Practices
Valluri, J., Gorton, K. L., & Schmer, C. (2023) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000626 · Cited by 8
“23,30 Well-trained teachers, who guide PNEIMED, Suﬁ, and TM meditations, have to go through a probationary period where they are observed, guided, and taught by master teachers.”
BackgroundInfluential
An Exploration of Self-Compassion in Incarcerated Women
Ptacek, J. T., & Daubman, K. A. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9304-y · Cited by 9
ÖZ ŞEFKAT KAVRAMI VE ÖRGÜTSEL YANSIMALARI
Özpeyni̇rci̇, R., & KIRMIZI, C. (2020) · Business And Management Studies An International Journal · doi:10.15295/bmij.v8i3.1559 · Cited by 7
Online self-compassion training vs. expressive writing: A randomized controlled trial
Linford, L. B., & Warren, J. S. (2024) · Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2362431 · Cited by 6
Acceptability and feasibility of an online version of the Self-Compassion for Healthcare Communities program
Knox, M. C., & Long, P. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2094428 · Cited by 9
“…taught in person (Bluth et al., 2021; Delaney, 2018; Neff et al., 2020), a number of studies have found that self-guided (Eriksson et al., 2018; Finlay-Jones et al., 2016) and app-based (Wylde et al., 2017) self-compassion programs offered through computer-mediated platforms improve HCPs’…”
Background
Role of Compassion Fatigue and Burnout in Existing and Upcoming Interventions for Mental Health Professionals: A Literature Review
Malik, L. (2024) · Journal of Applied Consciousness Studies · doi:10.4103/jacs.jacs_139_23 · Cited by 7
Increasing access to pain management: Feasibility of a self-compassion psychoeducational website using a minimally monitored delivery model
Basque, D., Talbot, F., & French, D. J. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100458 · Cited by 8
Self-compassion in religious practitioners: criterion validity evidence for the Self-Compassion Scale – Brazil
de Souza, L. K., Reppold, C. T., Tavares, I., & Hutz, C. S. (2020) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2020.2.32939 · Cited by 5
Caring for the Carer – Self-Compassion in the Health Professions
Pavlova, A., & Consedine, N. S. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_14 · Cited by 5
Experiences of Users with an Online Self-Guided Mental Health Training Program Using Gamification
van der Lubbe, L. M., Gerritsen, C., Klein, M. C. A., Rodgers, R. F., & Hindriks, K. V. (2023) · Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.1007/s41666-022-00124-z · Cited by 5
A pilot study of an online self-compassion intervention for adults who stutter
Croft, R. L., & Byrd, C. T. (2023) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2023.2236813 · Cited by 5
Do College Freshmen Who Engage More in Online Social Comparison Tend to Be More Confused About Themselves? The Roles of Rumination and Self-Compassion
Kang, S., Gu, Q., Qin, W., Liu, S., Xue, Y., Zheng, Q., Gu, C., & Cao, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070849 · Cited by 8
“Empirical studies have shown that these interventions can effectively enhance individuals’ levels of self-compassion (Finlay-Jones et al., 2017; Galla, 2016; Toole & Craighead, 2016).”
Şefkatli Zihin Psiko-Eğitim Programının Kadınların Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Mutluluk ve Öz-Şefkat Düzeylerine Etkisi
Demir, V., & GEN, K. K. (2023) · KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.21798/kadem.2023.140 · Cited by 6
Using group-based interactive video teleconferencing to make self-compassion more accessible: A randomized controlled trial
Dreisoerner, A., Ferrandina, C., Schulz, P., Nater, U. M., & Junker, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.08.001 · Cited by 5
The Effectiveness of Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) for Undergraduate Students
Póka, T., & Barta, A. (2024) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2024.2.12 · Cited by 4
The Effect of Daily Meditative Practices Based on Mindfulness and Self-Compassion on Emotional Distress under Stressful Conditions: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Fanjul, L. F., Díaz, A., Oyanadel, C., & Castro, W. P. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13040058 · Cited by 6
“These results were also observed with an online internet program [21].”
Result
Imagine All the People: A Guided Internet-Based Imagery Training to Increase Assertiveness among University Students—Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Consiglio, M. D., Burrai, J., Mari, E., Giannini, A. M., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11131874 · Cited by 7
Effects of a mobile-app-based self-compassion intervention on psychological health and maladaptive cognitive traits: findings from a randomized controlled trial
Han, W. T., Keng, S., Pooh, K. C. L., Wang, Z. W., & Ayyappan, M. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06441-3 · Cited by 6
Career development theories in practice: a thematic analysis of practitioner perceptions of the benefits of theoretically informed practice
Yates, J. (2025) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-025-09726-6 · Cited by 3
A pilot study on the efficacy of an online mindfulness intervention for Canadian police officers
Fleischmann, M. H., Boudreau, A., Vincent, M., Charman, M., Collie, E., Johnston, R., & Khoury, B. (2024) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.364 · Cited by 3
A tripartite perspective on self-evaluation: Three forms of self-regard and their social basis
Renger, D., & Renger, S. (2025) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101181 · Cited by 4
How Strength-based Counseling effects on Self-Compassion and Future Time Perspective in adolescents?
Mirshafiee, N. S., & Jafari, F. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Cognition · doi:10.29252/jncog.1.2.12 · Cited by 3
“Based on recent studies, self-compassion can help adolescents succeed in controlling stress [8].”
The impact of Emotion-focused training for emotion couching delivered as mobile app on self-compassion and self-criticism
Halamová, J., Mihalo, J., & Bakoš, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1047022 · Cited by 3
“Like previous studies (Finlay-Jones et al., 2016; Eriksson et al., 2018; Mak et al., 2018; Linardon et al., 2019) we found that it is possible to increase self-compassion and reduce self-criticism by offering short online mobile apps or online-based apps.”
Background
Mindful self-compassion training program in the family caregivers of patients with cancer: a quasi-experimental study
Noei, F. R., Atashi, V., & Ashouri, E. (2023) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-08-2022-0068 · Cited by 3
"Өөртөө энэрэнгүй хандах байдлыг хэмжих" асуулгын психометрик чанарыг судалсан нь
Идэрбат, А., Otgonbaatar, K., Бишхорлоо, Б., & Лхамсүрэн, З. (2024) · БОЛОВСРОЛЫН СУДАЛГААНЫ МОНГОЛЫН СЭТГҮҮЛ · doi:10.56380/v29.1.1 · Cited by 3
Does a Brief Mindfulness Training Enhance Heartfulness in Students? Results of a Pilot Study
Rudaz, M., Ledermann, T., Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2019) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.1904059 · Cited by 3
“This is in line with other studies that demonstrated positive effects on people’s mindfulness and self-compassion after a mindfulness-based and compassion-based training [7, 14, 25].”
BackgroundResult
Voice User Interfaces for mental healthcare: Leveraging technology to help our inner voice
Muppirishetty, P., & Lee, M. (2020) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 3
Self-Compassion Versus Self-Esteem for an Experience of Ostracism
Anderson, R. S. (2019) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 3
The Relationship Between Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Self‐Compassion, and Somatization in Nursing Students
Mersin, S., Kuş, İ., & Mercan, N. (2025) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1155/ppc/8533257 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the study conducted by Finlay-Jones et al. [17] revealed that interventions based on the development of self-compassion have positive efects on individuals’ coping with stress, thereby reducing potential physical health problems.”
The role of self-compassion in mental health among early adulthood with ADHD symptoms: a network psychometric approach
Heng, H., Zheng, Y., Zheng, F., Su, H., Tang, L., Zhao, Y., He, Y., & Yang, G. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03120-1 · Cited by 2
“Finlay-Jones [67] found that self-compassion was effective in improving psychologists’ well-being and reducing depression, stress, and difficulty regulating emotions, and that the intervention effect remained unchanged at 3 months of follow-up.”
The efficacy of compassion and self-compassion training programs for healthcare university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Alcaraz‐Córdoba, A., Alcaraz-Córdoba, T., Ibáñez‐Masero, O., Fernández, M. D. R., Ventura‐Miranda, M. I., & Ortega‐Galán, Á. M. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-08956-8 · Cited by 3
A WeChat-based self-compassion training to improve the treatment adherence of patients with schizophrenia in China: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Dong, D., Mu, T., Xu, J.-Y., Dai, J.-N., Zhou, Z.-N., Zhang, Q.-Z., & Shen, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.931802 · Cited by 5
“The intervention time is also getting shorter [6 weeks (Finlay-Jones et al., 2017; Rodgers et al., 2018; Andersson et al., 2020), 4 weeks (Mak et al.”
Background
The Story of Compassion: From Ancient Texts to Modern Practice
Maurya, R. K., & DeDiego, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678241233786 · Cited by 4
What works for psychological interventions designed to increase wellbeing in psychological therapy trainees? A systematic review
Owen, J., Biggart, L., Fisher, P., Figueredo, A., Al-Rousi, S., Colvin-Jarvis, J., Williamson, E., & Sanderson, K. A. (2024) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-01-2024-0009 · Cited by 2
Mapping workplace compassion research across the social sciences: A bibliometric review
Kunst, H., Byington, E. K., Johnson, A. M., & Nguyen, H. (2025) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/03128962251358615 · Cited by 4
Using Topic Modelling to Personalise a Digital Self-compassion Training
van der Lubbe, L. M., de Groot, N. F., & Gerritsen, C. (2022) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99194-4_32 · Cited by 2
“However, online alternatives also exist [4,10].”
Developing Self-Compassion
Gilbert, P. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446279830.n11 · Cited by 2
Teacher Candidates' Perspectives on Self-Care: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Thomas, M. S., & Howell, P. B. (2021) · Kentucky Teacher Education Journal The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Kentucky Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.61611/2995-5904.1032 · Cited by 1

Authors: Finlay‐Jones, A., Kane, R., & Rees, C.
Affiliations: Curtin University (AU)
Corresponding author: Finlay‐Jones, Amy
ORCID: Finlay‐Jones, Amy
Kane, Robert
Rees, Clare
Venue: Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2016-10-27
Volume: 73
Issue: 7
Pages: 797-816
ISSN: 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
1097-4679
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22375
OpenAlex: W2542835748
Cited by: 139
References: 111
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 9.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: self-compassion, online intervention, trainee psychologists, psychological distress, happiness, depression, anxiety, stress, emotion regulation, self-guided training, feasibility
MeSH terms: Adult, Depression, Empathy, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Pilot Projects, Psychology, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological, Students, Health Occupations, Internet, Self Report

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Self‐Compassion Online: A Pilot Study of an Internet‐Based Self‐Compassion Cultivation Program for Psychology Trainees

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