Cited by 102Marine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyPlanarian Biology and ElectrostimulationNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

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Fine structural studies of the nervous system and the apical organ in the planula larva of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

Chia, Fu‐Shiang, Koss, Ron·1979·Journal of Morphology

DOI 10.1002/jmor.1051600303

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Abstract

The nervous system of the planula larva of Anthopleura elegantissima consists of an apical organ, one type of endodermal receptor cell, two types of ectodermal receptor cells, central neurons and nerve plexus. Both interneural and neuromuscular synapses are found in the nerve plexus. The apical organ is a collection of about 100 long, columnar cells each bearing a long cilium and a collar of about 10 microvilli. The cilia of the apical organ are twisted together to form an apical tuft. The ciliary rootlets of the apical organ cells are extremely long, reaching to the basal processes of the cells adjacent to the mesoglea. All three types of sensory cells are tall and slender in profile and are identified by the presence of one or more of the following features: microtubules, small vesicles, membrane‐bound granules and synapses. The interneurons are bipolar cells with somas restricted to the aboral end, adjacent to the apical organ. All synapses observed are polarized or asymmetrical. A diagram including all the elements of the nervous system is presented and the possible functions of the nervous system are discussed in relation to larval behavior.

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Gene regulatory network that shaped the evolution of larval sensory organ in CnidariaPreprint
Gilbert, E., Craggs, J., & Modepalli, V. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557727 · Cited by 1
The phylogenetic frame
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0002
Reproductive organs
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0013
Intestinal systems
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0012
Musculature
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0005
Body cavities
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0008
Circulatory systems
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0010
Preface
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.002.0006
Copyright Page
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.002.0003
Dedication
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.002.0004
Phylum Cnidaria
Martin, V. J., & Koss, R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102871-1.00008-7
Self-citation

Authors: Chia, F., & Koss, R.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Venue: Journal of Morphology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1979-06
Volume: 160
Issue: 3
Pages: 275-297
ISSN: 0362-2525 (ISSN-L)
1097-4687
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051600303
OpenAlex: W2097696251
Cited by: 102
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 9382 d)
Locations: Journal of Morphology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Research Council Canada
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: Anthopleura elegantissima, planula larvae, sea anemone, nervous system, apical organ, nerve plexus, interneurons, neuromuscular synapse, ciliary rootlets, larval behavior

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Fine structural studies of the nervous system and the apical organ in the planula larva of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

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