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Cited by 61Echinoderm biology and ecologyMarine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyDevelopmental Biology and Gene Regulation

Development of the enteropneust Ptychodera flava: Ciliary bands and nervous system

Nielsen, Claus, Hay‐Schmidt, Anders·2007·Journal of Morphology
DOI 10.1002/jmor.10533
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Abstract

Ripe specimens of Ptychodera flava were collected at Paiko Peninsula, Oahu, Hawaii, USA, and the development from egg to tornaria larva was followed in the laboratory. To complete the series, large tornaria larvae were collected from the plankton off the nearby Ala Moana Beach, and followed through metamorphosis to a juvenile stage with four pairs of gill slits. Ciliary band development was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the development of the serotonergic nervous system was followed by means of immunostaining. The development of the apical tuft and neotroch (circumoral/perioral ciliary band) and their subsequent degeneration accorded fully with previous descriptions. A perianal ciliary ring of separate cilia develops just after hatching. This later develops a midventral extension, the neurotroch, extending to the neotroch posterior to the mouth. The cilia of this ring apparently beat diaplectically, with the effective stroke in the clockwise direction when seen from behind. An additional ring of cilia develops several days later anterior to the perianal ring. This opisthotroch (called telotroch by previous authors) consists at first of separate cilia, but later they became organized as large compound cilia. The apical tuft disappears after about a week, the neotroch degenerates at the transition to the Agassiz stage, and the opisthotroch degenerates just after metamorphosis. The serotonergic nervous system of the fully grown tornaria consists of an apical ganglion with many perikarya, a paired lateral group of perikarya on the postoral ciliary band, and scattered perikarya along the opisthotroch. Serotonergic processes are found along the ciliary bands except for the ventral and perianal ciliary bands and are scattered along the epidermis. At the Spengel stage and at metamorphosis (Agassiz stage), the processes along the ciliary bands are concentrated in the three ciliated food grooves so as to form three separate nerves, and are retained on the proboscis at least until 2–3 gill slit stage. No serotonergic processes were found to extend from the proboscis to the collar region, and no serotonergic neurons were observed in the collar cord or in the ventral nerve cord. Our results therefore do not provide any clues as to the origin of the chordate neural tube relative to the dorsal‐ventral orientation of the enteropneusts. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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  • Mucociliary epithelia are frequently found in foregut and neural midline tissue in bilaterians.

    “Finally, mucociliary epithelia are frequently found in foregut and neural midline tissue in bilaterians (that can be derived from tissue surrounding the gastric opening, see below).”

    From Gastric pouches and the mucociliary sole: setting the stage for nervous system evolution (2015) · cites this paper as [110]

  • In a larva with monociliated cells, such as a cnidarian planula, a deuterostome tornaria or a phoronid actinotroch larva, a sensory-motor neuron must innervate a large number of cells to achieve a sufficiently large motor response.

    “In a larva with monociliated cells, such as a cnidarian planula [54], a deuterostome tornaria [55] or a phoronid actinotroch larva [56] a sensory-motor neuron must innervate a large number of cells to achieve a sufficiently large motor response (e.g. speeding up the larva).”

    From Origin and early evolution of neural circuits for the control of ciliary locomotion (2011) · cites this paper as [55]

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Authors
Nielsen, C., & Hay‐Schmidt, A.
Affiliations
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author
Nielsen, Claus
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Morphology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2007-04-27
Volume
268
Issue
7
Pages
551-570
ISSN
  • 0362-2525 (ISSN-L)
  • 1097-4687
DOI
10.1002/jmor.10533
OpenAlex
W2009040920
Cited by
61
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI
4.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Morphology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Echinoderm biology and ecology
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Keywords
Ptychodera flava, Enteropneusta, amphioxus, larval development, metamorphosis, ciliary bands, chordate evolution, gill slits
MeSH terms
Animals, Chordata, Nonvertebrate, Cilia, Immunohistochemistry, Larva, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Models, Anatomic, Nervous System, Serotonin, Tubulin

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