From causes to conditions in group research
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Summary: It is time to move beyond standard conceptual and research paradigms in scientific work on group behavior and performance to better align our models and methods with the phenomena we are studying. Cause–effect models are of limited use in conducting research and generating useable theory about group behavior and performance. This paper proposes and illustrates an alternative conceptual approach that focuses on the conditions within which groups chart their own courses. The paper suggests three implications of a condition‐focused approach for those who create, lead, and serve in purposive groups, and closes with a discussion of the conceptual challenges that must be overcome if the potential of a condition‐focused approach is to be realized. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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- Authors
- Hackman, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hackman, J. Richard
- Venue
- Journal of Organizational Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-01-13
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 428-444
- ISSN
- 0894-3796 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1379
- OpenAlex
- W1593258641
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 22.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Organizational Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management Theory and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- group behavior, group performance, causal models, group dynamics, group leadership, group development, conceptual model
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