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Peri‐implant mucositis
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: This narrative review was prepared for the 2017 World Workshop of the American Academy of Periodontology and European Federation of Periodontology to address key questions related to the clinical condition of peri‐implant mucositis, including: 1) the definition of peri‐implant mucositis, 2) conversion of peri‐implant health to the biofilm‐induced peri‐implant mucositis lesion, 3) reversibility of peri‐implant mucositis, 4) the long‐standing peri‐implant mucositis lesion, 5) similarities and differences between peri‐implant mucositis at implants and gingivitis at teeth, and 6) risk indicators/factors for peri‐implant mucositis. Methods: A literature search of MEDLINE (PubMed) and The Cochrane Library up to and including July 31, 2016, was carried out using the search strategy (peri‐implant[All Fields] AND (“mucositis”[MeSH Terms] OR “mucositis”[All Fields])) OR (periimplant[All Fields] AND mucosits[All Fields]). Prospective, retrospective, and cross‐sectional studies and review papers that focused on risk factors/indicators for peri‐implant mucositis as well as experimental peri‐implant mucositis studies in animals and humans were included. Findings: Peri‐implant mucositis is an inflammatory lesion of the soft tissues surrounding an endosseous implant in the absence of loss of supporting bone or continuing marginal bone loss. A cause‐and‐effect relationship between experimental accumulation of bacterial biofilms around titanium dental implants and the development of an inflammatory response has been demonstrated. The experimental peri‐implant mucositis lesion is characterized by an inflammatory cell infiltrate present within the connective tissue lateral to the barrier epithelium. In long‐standing peri‐implant mucositis, the inflammatory cell infiltrate is larger in size than in the early (3‐week) experimental peri‐implant mucositis lesion. Biofilm‐induced peri‐implant mucositis is reversible at the host biomarker level once biofilm control is reinstituted. Reversal of the clinical signs of inflammation may take longer than 3 weeks. Factors identified as risk indicators for peri‐implant mucositis include biofilm accumulation, smoking, and radiation. Further evidence is required for potential risk factors, including diabetes, lack of keratinized mucosa, and presence of excess luting cement. Conclusions: Peri‐implant mucositis is caused by biofilm accumulation which disrupts the host–microbe homeostasis at the implant–mucosa interface, resulting in an inflammatory lesion. Peri‐implant mucositis is a reversible condition at the host biomarker level. Therefore, the clinical implication is that optimal biofilm removal is a prerequisite for the prevention and management of peri‐implant mucositis. An understanding of peri‐implant mucositis is important because it is considered a precursor for peri‐implantitis.
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“While there is strong evidence that peri-implant mucositis is caused by plaque, there is very limited evidence for non-plaque induced periimplant mucositis.”
From A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“While there is strong evidence that peri-implant mucositis is caused by plaque, there is very limited evidence for non-plaque induced periimplant mucositis.”
From A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Peri-implant mucositis can be reversed with measures aimed at eliminating the plaque.”
From A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heitz‐Mayfield, L. J. A., & Salvi, G. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Heitz‐Mayfield, Lisa J.A.
- Venue
- Journal of Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S257-S266
- ISSN
- 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-3670
- OpenAlex
- W2922226940
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 6.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Keywords
- peri-implant mucositis, dental implants, bacterial biofilms, peri-implantitis, risk factors, smoking, radiation, diabetes mellitus, keratinized mucosa, luting cement, host biomarkers, inflammatory cell infiltration, reversibility, gingivitis, periodontitis, marginal bone loss, host-microbe interactions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dental Plaque, Humans, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Dental Implants, Mucositis, Peri-Implantitis
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