Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: A discussion paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)
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Abstract This discussion paper, by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommision on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), considers the prospects for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene (‘early’, ‘middle’ or ‘mid’, and ‘late’), and we argue that this de facto subdivision should now be formalized to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We propose an Early–Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a Middle–Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). Should the proposal find a broad measure of support from the Quaternary community, a submission will be made to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), via the SQS and the ICS, for formal ratification of this subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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An early Anthropocene level risks confusion with the tripartite division of the Holocene, and broad overlap with the Pleistocene and/or Holocene would make the Anthropocene redundant as a unit of geologic time.
“An early Anthropocene level risks confusion with the tripartite division of the Holocene, with Early, Mid-and Late Holocene age/stage-level units proposed to be defined making use of the 8.2 ka BP and 4.2 ka BP climate events (Walker et al., 2012), and the broad overlap with Pleistocene and/or Holocene would make the Anthropocene redundant as a unit of geologic time.”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Walker et al., 2012
The Holocene Epoch began approximately 11,700 years ago.
“Thus, by definition the Holocene Epoch-the abstract time unit-began ~11,700 years ago.”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Marked environmental perturbations occurred at both 8,200 and 4,200 B.P., but most proxies subsequently recovered in a matter of centuries, implying these were temporally discrete paleoclimatic events rather than truly novel states within the Earth system.
“Although there is no doubt that marked environmental perturbations occurred at both 8,200 and 4,200 B.P., most proxies subsequently recovered in a matter of centuries, implying these were temporally discrete paleoclimatic events, as opposed to truly novel states within the Earth system.”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The 8,200 and 4,200 year events proposed to mark the Mid- and Late Holocene Sub-epochs show no major change in CO2 concentrations.
“The 8,200 and 4,200 year events proposed to mark the Mid- and Late Holocene Sub-epochs, respectively ( 13 ), show no major change in CO2 concentrations.”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The 4,200 B.P. climate shift is not expressed in these curves.
“A 4,200 B.P. climate shift, proposed to mark the start of the Late Holocene ( 13 ), is not expressed in these curves.”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
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The 8200yr BP cold event in stable isotope records from the North Atlantic region
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What status for the Quaternary?
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Lateglacial and early Holocene climatic oscillations on the western Svalbard margin, European Arctic
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Calibration of speleothem δ18O with instrumental climate records from Turkey
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Radiocarbon Chronology of the Holocene Dead Sea: Attempting a Regional Correlation
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The Definition of the Quaternary System/Era and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch
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Environmental change and cultural response around 4200 cal. yr BP in the Yishu River Basin, Shandong
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Fingerprinting the 8.2 ka event climate response in a coupled climate model
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An Andean ice-core record of a Middle Holocene mega-drought in North Africa and Asia
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Self-citationLate Quaternary Eolian Deposition in Central Italy
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Summary of Italian marine stages
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Evidence for the 8,200 a b.p. cooling event in the middle Okinawa Trough
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Global Climate Change and El Niño: A Theoretical Framework
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The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene
Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A. D., Poirier, C., Gałuszka, A., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E. C., Ellis, M., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2622 · Cited by 2,375 · see citing works
When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., Barnosky, A. D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Ellis, E., Ellis, M. A., Fairchild, I. J., Grinevald, J., et al. (2015) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.045 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Ancient Cattle Genomics, Origins, and Rapid Turnover in the Fertile Crescent
Verdugo, M. P., Mullin, V. E., Scheu, A., Mattiangeli, V., Daly, K. G., Maisano Delser, P., Hare, A. J., Burger, J., Collins, M. J., Kehati, R., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav1002 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Holocene climate variability and change; a data-based review
Wanner, H., Mercolli, L., Grosjean, M., & Ritz, S. P. (2015) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2013-101 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Peters, J., Lebrasseur, O., Deng, H., & Larson, G. (2016) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Can an Anthropocene Series be defined and recognized?
Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., & Waters, C. N. (2014) · Geological Society, London, Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp395.16 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A multi-ice-core, annual-layer-counted Greenland ice-core chronology for the last 3800 years: GICC21
Sinnl, G., Winstrup, M., Erhardt, T., Cook, E., Jensen, C. M., Svensson, A., Vinther, B. M., Muscheler, R., & Rasmussen, S. O. (2022) · Climate of the Past · doi:10.5194/cp-18-1125-2022 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Walker, M. J. C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Fisher, D. A., Long, A. J., Lowe, J. J., Newnham, R. M., Rasmussen, S. O., & Weiss, H.
- Affiliations
- Aberystwyth University (GB)
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of New Brunswick (CA)
- Natural Resources Canada (CA)
- Durham University (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Victoria University of Wellington (NZ)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, M. J. C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Quaternary Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-08-30
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 649-659
- ISSN
- 0267-8179 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1417
- OpenAlex
- W2063685813
- Cited by
- 919
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 121 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 30.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Quaternary Science (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Geological formations and processes
- Keywords
- GSSP, Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, stratigraphic nomenclature, Quaternary stratigraphy, 8.2 ka event, 4.2 ka event
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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